See also:

• SYLLABUS (from Gr. auXXa 43aveuv, to take together, cf. " syllable ")

SYLLABUS (from Gr. auXXa 43aveuv, to take together, cf. " syllable ")  , literally something taken together, a collection (See also:

• LATE

Late See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• SYLLABUS (from Gr. auXXa 43aveuv, to take together, cf. " syllable ")

syllabus), hence a compendium, table or abstract giving the heads, outline or See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of a course of lectures, teaching, &c . The word in the sense of a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list or See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

catalogue is used of a collection of eighty condemned propositions, addressed by See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of See also:

• PIUS

Pius IX. to all the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic episcopate, under the date of the 8th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1864 . The See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title is: " A collection (syllabus) containing the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal errors of ourtimes as noted in the Allocutions, Encyclicals and other Apostolic Letters of our See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• FATHER

Father See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope Pius IX." This collection has a rather curious See also:

• HISTORY

history . As See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1849, the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• SPOLETO (anc. Spoletium)

Spoleto asked the pope for a collective condemnation of all errors concerning the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, her authority and See also:

• PROPERTY

property . In 1851 the Civiltd cattolica proposed that this should be See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up in connexion with the See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition of the Immaculate Conception of See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary . In 1852, See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal Fornari wrote by order of the pope to a certain number of bishops and laymen asking for their assistance in the study of the errors most prevalent in See also:

• MODERN

modern society . The answers are unknown; but after the definition of the Immaculate Conception (December 8, 1854), the See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission of theologians charged with the preparatory investigations was entrusted with the further See also:

• MISSION

mission of studying modern errors . For six years it gave no outward signs of activity; but in 186o Mgr Gerbet, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• PERPIGNAN

Perpignan, published his Instruction pastorale sur diverses erreurs du temps See also:

• PRESENT

present; in it he enumerated 85 erroneous propositions, grouped under eleven heads . Pius IX. was much impressed by this See also:

• WORK

work; he had it printed, and communicated it to the commission, to which he added a few new members, desiring them to take it as a fresh basis for their researches . In 1861 the commission had various meetings, at which the principal propositions were chosen and formulated in Latin, and the theological censure which they incurred applied to them . The result was a collection first of 70, and later of 61 propositions, of which only 27 have the See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note haeretica; Mgr Gerbet's divisions, and frequently his See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text, are adhered to . This Syllabus, which was excellently drawn up, was not promulgated, owing to an indiscretion .

On the occasion of the festivals of the See also:

• CANONIZATION

canonization of the See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese martyrs, Pius IX. had gathered around him three See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred bishops from all parts of the See also:

• WORLD

world; he had the projected Syllabus communicated to each of them, under the See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal of secrecy for the purpose of asking their See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion on it; each bishop was also, still under the seal of secrecy, empowered to consult a theologian selected by himself . But in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1862, the See also:

• TURIN

Turin Mediatore published the catalogue in full, and Mgr See also:

• BOURGET, PAUL CHARLES JOSEPH (1852– )

Bourget, bishop of See also:

• MONTREAL

Montreal, thinking that it had been published in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, officially promulgated it for his See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese in December 1863 . Pius IX. then modified his plans: a new commission was appointed to See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract from the Allocutions, Encyclicals and papal Letters the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief errors dealt with in them . This work lasted about a See also:

• YEAR

year; the result of it was the Syllabus, in eighty propositions, arranged under the distinct heads; the propositions are not accompanied by any theological censure, but simply by a reference to the See also:

• ALLOCUTION (Lat. allocutio, an address)

Allocution, Encyclical or See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

Letter from which each had been more or less textually extracted . This was addressed to the episcopate together with a letter from Cardinal See also:

• ANTONELLI, GIACOMO (1806-1876)

Antonelli, and dated the 8th of December 1864, the same date as the Encyclical Quanta cura, from which, however, it remains quite distinct . Its publication aroused the most violent polemics; what was then called the Ultramontane party was loud in its praise; while the liberals treated it as a See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war made by the Church on modern society and See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization . See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon III.'s See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government forbade its publication, and suspended the newspaper 1' Univers for having published it . Controversies were equally numerous as to the theological value of the Syllabus . Most Catholics saw in it as many infallible See also:

• DEFINITIONS

definitions as condemned propositions; others observed that the pope had neither personally signed nor promulgated the collection, but had intentionally separated it from the Encyclical by sending it merely under See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover of a letter from his secretary of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state; they said that it was hastily, and sometimes unfortunately drawn up (cf. prop . 61); they saw in it an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of the pontifical authority, but without any of the marks required in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of dogmatic definitions; they concluded, therefore, that each proposition was to be appreciated separately, and in consequence that each was open to theological comment . That such is the true view is proved by the fact that Rome never censured the theologians who, like See also:

• NEWMAN, FRANCIS WILLIAM (1805-1897)
• NEWMAN, JOHN HENRY (1801-1890)

Newman, took up this position . The errors enumerated in the Syllabus are grouped under the ten following heads: (I) See also:

• PANTHEISM (Gr. 7rav, all, Oeos, god)

Pantheism, See also:

• NATURALISM

naturalism and See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• RATIONALISM (from Lat. rationalis, pertaining to reason, ratio)

rationalism; (2) Moderate rationalism; (3) Indifferentism, latitudinarianism; (4) See also:

• SOCIALISM

Socialism, See also:

• COMMUNISM

communism, See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies, See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible societies, clerico-liberal societies; (5) Errors regarding the Church and her rights; (6) Errors regarding See also:

• CIVIL

civil society both in itself and in its relations with the Church; (7) Errors regarding See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian and natural morality; (8) Errors regarding Christian See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage; (9) Errors concerning the temporal See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the pope; (ro) Errors relative to modern Liberalism .

It was paragraphs 5, 6 and so which especially gave rise to discussion . In reality, however, the Syllabus did not contain a new See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine: the Church was defending. her traditional doctrine against the progressive invasion of what were called modern ideas of See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, i.e. the See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of religious authority shown by See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular societies, liberty of See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience, equality of all religious confessions before the state, &c . She upheld her theoretical position as in the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip the See also:

• FAIR

Fair or of the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation, and the Syllabus goes no further in this respect than the En-cyclical Quanta cura of the same date, or that of See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory XVI., Mirari vos, of the 15th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1832 . But the unusual See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the document should be considered: instead of an exposition of doctrine it enumerates the errors in the form of See also:

• BARE

bare propositions, without any qualification, and with no variation in the degree of condemnation; the result being that many See also:

• PEOPLE

people on both sides were misled . The name Syllabus has sometimes also been given to the collection of 65 " modernist " propositions condemned by the See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree Lamentabili of the Holy See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

Office, dated the 3rd of See also:

• JULY

July 1907; but this name is in no See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise official .