See also:

• SYNESIUS (c. 373-c. 414)

SYNESIUS (c. 373-c. 414)  , See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Ptolemais in the Libyan Pentapolis after 41o, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born of wealthy parents, who claimed descent from Spartan See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, at See also:

• CYRENE [mod. Ain Shahat-Grenna]

Cyrene between 370 and 375 . While still a youth (393) he went with his See also:

• BROTHER

brother Euoptius to See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria, where he became an enthusiastic Neoplatonist and See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple of See also:

• HYPATIA ('Tiraria) (c. A.D. 370–415)

Hypatia (q.v.) . On returning to his native See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place about the See also:

• YEAR

year 397 he was chosen to See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head an See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy from the cities of the Pentapolis to the imperial See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court to ask for remission of See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation and other See also:

• RELIEF

relief . His address to See also:

• ARCADIUS
• ARCADIUS (378–408)

Arcadius (De regno) is full of See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice as to the studies of a See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise ruler in such perilous times . His three years' stay in See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople was wearisome and otherwise disagreeable; the leisure it forced upon him he devoted in See also:

• PART

part to See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition . The Aegyptus sive de providentia is an See also:

• ALLEGORY (iXXos, other, and ayopeuav, to speak)

allegory in which the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• OSIRIS

Osiris and the evil See also:

• TYPHON (TYPHAON, TYPHOEUS)

Typhon, who represent See also:

• AURELIAN [Lucius DoMITIus AURELIANUS]

Aurelian and the Goth Gainas (ministers under Arcadius), strive for mastery; and the question of the divine permission of evil is handled . After the successful Aurelian had granted the See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition of the embassy, See also:

• SYNESIUS (c. 373-c. 414)

Synesius returned to Cyrene in 400, and spent the next ten years partly in that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, when unavoidable business called him there, but chiefly on an See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate in the interior of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, where in his own words " books and the See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

chase " made up his See also:

• LIFE

life . His See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage took place at Alexandria in 403; in the previous year he had visited See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens . In 409 or 410 Synesius, whose See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity had until then been by no means very pronounced, was popularly chosen to be bishop of Ptolemais, and, after See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long hesitation on See also:

• PERSONAL

personal and doctrinal grounds, he ultimately accepted the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office thus thrust upon him, being consecrated by See also:

• THEOPHILUS

Theophilus at Alexandria . One personal difficulty at least was obviated by his being allowed to retain his wife, to whom he was much attached; but as regarded orthodoxy he expressly stipulated for personal freedom to dissent on the questions of the soul's creation, a literal resurrection, and the final destruction of the See also:

• WORLD

world, while at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he agreed to make some concession to popular views in his public teaching (re( pi& oixoc c¢aovo4~vv, rd S' EEw chtXoµv&av) . His See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure of the bishopric was troubled not only by domestic bereavements but also by barbaric invasions of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country (in repelling which he proved himself a capable military organizer) and by conflicts with the See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect Andronicus, whom he excommunicated for interfering with the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church's right of See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum . The date of his See also:

• DEATH

death is unknown; it is usually given as c .

414 . His many-sided activity, as shown especially in his letters, and his loosely mediating position between See also:

• NEOPLATONISM

Neoplatonism and Christianity, make him a subject of fascinating See also:

• INTEREST

interest . His scientific interests are attested by his See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to Hypatia in which occurs the earliest known reference to areometry, and by a See also:

• WORK

work on See also:

• ALCHEMY

alchemy in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a commentary on pseudo-See also:

• DEMOCRITUS

Democritus . He was a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of the highest personal See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . His extant See also:

• WORKS

works are—(1) a speech before Arcadius, De regno; (2) Dio, sive de suo ipsius instituto, in which he signifies his purpose to devote himself to true See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy; (3) Encomium calvitii (he was himself bald), a literary jeu d'esprit, suggested by Dio See also:

• CHRYSOSTOM

Chrysostom's Praise of See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

Hair; (4) De providentia, in two books; (5) De insomniis; (6) 157 Epistolae; (7) 12 Hymni, of a contemplative, Neoplatonic character; and several homilies and occasional speeches . The editio princeps is that of See also:

• TURNEBUS, ADRIANUS [ADRIEN TURNEBE] (1512–1565)

Turnebus (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1553) ; it was followed by that of More'.l, with Latin See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation by Petavius (1612 ; greatly enlarged and improved, 1633 ; reprinted, inaccurately, by See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne, 1859) . The Epistolae, which for the See also:

• MODERN

modern reader greatly exceed his other works in interest, have been edited by Demetriades (See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, 1792) and by Glukus (See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, 1812), the Calvitii encomium by Krabinger (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1834), the De providentia by Krabinger (Sulzbach, 1835) the De regno by Krabinger (See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, 1825), and the See also:

• HYMNS

Hymns by See also:

• FLACH, GEOFROI JACQUES (1846– )

Flach (See also:

• TUBINGEN

Tubingen, 1875) . See See also:

• CLAUSEN, GEORGE (1852- )

Clausen, De Synesio philosopho (See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen, 1831); R . Volkmann, Synesius von Cyrene (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1869); A . See also:

• GARDNER
• GARDNER, PERCY (1846– )

Gardner's mono-graph in " The Fathers for See also:

• ENGLISH

English Readers " (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1886) ; and a life by W . S . See also:

• CRAWFORD, EARLS OF
• CRAWFORD, FRANCIS MARION (1854–1909)
• CRAWFORD, THOMAS (1814–1857)
• CRAWFORD, WILLIAM HARRIS (1772–1834)

Crawford (London, 1901) .