See also:

• TAILLE (from Fr. tailler, to cut or divide; late Lat. taliare, said to come from talia, talea)

TAILLE (from Fr. tailler, to cut or See also:

• DIVIDE

divide; See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• LAT

Lat. taliare, said to come from talia, talea)  , the See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• TALLAGE (med. Lat. tallagium, Fr. lailage, from late Lat. talare, taleare, Fr. tallier, to cut, classical Lat. talea, a cutting, slip; cf. " tally " and the French taille, q.v.)

tallage (q.v.), was in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France the typical See also:

• DIRECT

direct tax of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, just as the word tonlieu was the generic See also:

• TERM

term for an indirect tax . Other words used in certain districts in the same sense as See also:

• TAILLE (from Fr. tailler, to cut or divide; late Lat. taliare, said to come from talia, talea)

taille were queste (questa, quista), fouage (foragium), cote . The essence of the tax denoted by these names was that the amount was fixed en bloc for a whole See also:

• GROUP

group of persons, and afterwards divided among them in various ways . In See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law we find three forms of taille: the taille servile, taille seigneuriale, and taille royale . The taille servile can scarcely be termed a tax; it was rather a tax which had degenerated into a source of profit for certain individuals . Every See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord who possessed See also:

• SERFS, SERROS

serfs could See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

levy the taille on them, and originally this was done arbitrarily (a volonte) both as to frequency and amount . It always remained a characteristic feature of See also:

• SERFDOM (from Fr. serf, Lat. servus, a servant or slave)

serfdom, but was limited and fixed, either by contracts or See also:

• CON

con-cessions from the lord (taille abonnee), or by the customs . The taille seigneuriale was a true tax, levied by a lord on all his subjects who were neither nobles nor ecclesiastics . But, in our See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, when See also:

• FEUDALISM
• FEUDALISM (from Late Lat. feodum or feudum, a fee or fiel; see FEE)

feudalism was established, the right of levying it did not belong to every lord, but only to the lord having the haute See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice . But he levied it by right, without the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for any See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract between him and those who paid it . He fixed the sum to be paid by each group of inhabitants, who then had to see that it was assessed, collected, and paid to the lord, electing commissaries (preud hommes) from among themselves for this purpose . This was reducing the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation to its simplest See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form .

See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

Custom, however, or an See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the lord generally fixed the principle upon which the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division was made . It was often a " See also:

• HEARTH (a word which appears in various forms in several Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch haard, German Herd, in the sense of " floor ")

hearth tax " (fouage), when each See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, i.e. each See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a See also:

• FAMILY

family, paid the same sum, arrived at by dividing the See also:

• LOCAL

local contingent of the taille. by the number of fires . But this equality, which took no See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of See also:

• WEALTH

wealth or poverty, was See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt to be unjust, and the See also:

• ASSESSMENT, (from Lat. assessare, to sit beside, to judge)

assessment began to be made according to the resources of each family, " the strong bearing the weak, and the weak relieving the strong." The seigniorial taille, like the servile, had the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal tax (taille personelle), a rudimentary tax on income, every See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man being taxed according to his See also:

• WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages or other income . The See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king originally had only the right of levying the taille in places where he had retained the exercise of the haute justice . At that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time there was no royal taille, strictly speaking; it was only the seigniorial taille transferred to the See also:

• CROWN

crown, but it was one of the first taxes his right to levy which upon all the inhabitants of the domain of the crown, whether serfs or roturiers, was recognized . In the course of the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea began to prevail that it was See also:

• FAIR

fair for the king, in time of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, to levy a taille upon the subjects of the lords having the haute justice in various parts of the royal domain . Moreover, tailles were often granted him by the provincial estates or the states-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general . Thus the general taille, raised for the benefit of the king, became more and more frequent, and naturally tended to become permanent . This transformation was confirmed, rather than effected, by the ordonnance of 1439 . Its immediate See also:

• OBJECT

object was, not the regulation of the taille, but the organization of the See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn pagnies d'ordonnance, i.e. the heavy See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry which the king from that time on maintained on a permanent footing . Military expenses thus becoming permanent, it was natural that the taille, the tax which had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been devoted to See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting the expenses of the royal See also:

• WARS

wars, should also become permanent . This was contained implicitly in the ordonnance of 1439, which at the same time suppressed the seigniorial taille, as competing too closely with the royal taille by imposing a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden on the taxpayer .

A See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of seigniorial taille continued to exist besides the servile taille, but this kind presupposed a See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title, a contract between the taxable roturier and the lord, or else immemorial See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession, which amounted to a title . The royal taille naturally retained the distinctive characteristics of the seigniorial, as can be seen from an examination of the way in which it was assessed and collected ; the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief characteristic being that ecclesiastics and nobles, who were exempt from the seigniorial taille, were also exempt from the royal . The royal taille, though levied by the king by right, did not fall upon the whole See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom . The pays d'elections were subject to it, the pays d'etats were not (see FRANCE: Law and Institutions) . Throughout the pays d'elections the taille was almost universally personal (taille personnelle), i.e. a tax on the whole income of the taxpayer, whatever its source . It was also a distributory tax I TAILLEFER, the surname of a See also:

• BARD

bard and See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior of the (impot de repartition) ; every See also:

• YEAR

year the king in his See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council fixed the 11th century, whose exact name and See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth are unknown. See also:

• TOTAL

total sum which the taille was to produce in the following year; he See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up and signed the See also:

• BREVET (a diminutive of the Fr. bref)

brevet de la faille (See also:

• WARRANT (Med. Lat. warantum; O. Fr. garant, warant, derived from O.H.G. root represented in modern German bygewdhren)

warrant), and the con- He accompanied the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in 1066, and tribution of the individual taxpayer was arrived at in the last obtained permission from See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William to strike the first See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow at See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis by a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of subdivisions. the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings . He fought with spirit and determina- The conseil du roi first divided the total sum among the various tion, and was killed in the battle . Mention of Taillefer is made generalites (the higher See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial divisions), again dividing the amount by Guido, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• AMIENS

Amiens, in his Carmen de See also:

• BELLO, ANDRES (1781–1865)

bello Hastingensi, due from each generalite among the elections of which it was com- posed. y P Then the this in each See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election divided the contribution V . 931–44 (in Mon . Hist . Brit., 1848) and by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry of See also:

• HUNTINGDON
• HUNTINGDON, EARLS OF
• HUNTINGDON, SELINA HASTINGS, COUNTESS OF (1707—1791)

Huntingdon due from it among the parishes . The final division took place in his Historia Anglorum (in Rer .

Brit. med. aevi script., p . 763, in the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish or community, among the inhabitants subject to ed . See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold, See also:

• LONDON

London, 1879); and his prowess is depicted on the the tax . So far the See also:

• SYSTEM

system remained the same as that of the old See also:

• BAYEUX

Bayeux See also:

• TAPESTRY

tapestry . The statement of See also:

• WACE, HENRY (1836– )

Wace in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman de seigniorial faille . The assessment and collection of it were the business of the community; the crown, in principle, had nothing See also:

• RAU, KARL HEINRICH (1792-1870)

Rau, 3rd See also:

• PART

part, v . 8035–62, ed . Andresen (See also:

• HEILBRONN

Heilbronn, 1879), that to do with them and did not See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the cost of a local administration Taillefer went before the Norman army singing of See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne for the purpose . The community had to produce its contingent and of See also:

• ROLAND
• ROLAND, LEGEND OF

Roland and the vassals who died at Roncevaux, has of the taille . In principle it was even held to be the debtor for the been considered important in demonstrating the existence of amount; hence the inhabitants were jointly responsible, a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of affairs which was not suppressed till the time of See also:

• TURGOT, ANNE ROBERT JACQUES, BARON DE

Turgot, and even a comparatively See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early tradition and See also:

• SONG

song of Roland . then not completely . See W .

Spatz, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Schlacht von Hastings (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1896) ; See also:

• FREEMAN
• FREEMAN, EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1823-1892)

Freeman, The inhabitants subject to the taille, summoned to a general See also:

• HISTORY

History of the Norman See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest . See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly by the See also:

• SYNDIC (Late Lat. syndicus, Gr. vivv&aos, one who helps in a court of justice, an advocate, representative, crap, with, and Sirc77, justice)

syndic, elected commissaries for the assessment (asseeurs) and collection (coliecteurs) of the tax from among them- selves . (Fr. t¢illeur, from tallier, to cut, See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale¢, a thin selves . Originally two series were elected, both assessors and See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

rod, a cutting for planting), one who cuts out and makes clothes. collectors . But from 1600 onwards the same persons fulfilled both Formerly the tailor, or cissor, made See also:

• APPAREL (from O. Fr. aparail, aparailler, mod. appareil, from Low Lat. adpariculare, to make fit. or equal)

apparel for both men and functions, the object being, by giving the assessors the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of See also:

• WOMEN

women, and not merely See also:

• OUTER

outer garments, but also articles of See also:

• LINEN

linen See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting the tax, to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to a juster and more conscientious assess- and the See also:

• PADDING

padding and lining of See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour—whence the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style " Taylors See also:

• MEAT

meat . The system appeared to be admirable, forming in this respect a kind of self-See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, but in practice it was frequently and Linen Armourers " applied to the See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

Merchant Taylors Corn-oppressive for the taxpayers . The assessors estimated the indivi- pany of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City of London in their earliest charters . But the dual incomes arbitrarily, See also:

• VILLAGE

village quarrels and rivalries leading them word is now generally limited to those who make the outer to over-See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge some and under-charge others, and complaints were (See also:

• CLOTH

cloth) garments for men, and less frequently for women, though numberless on this point . See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

Control should no doubt have been exer- cised „ by the elus, but they do not seem to have taken this part a phrase such as See also:

• SHIRT

shirt-tailor is occasionally met with . In of their duties very seriously . See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

Payment was rigorously enforced, See also:

• MODERN

modern usage, too, it commonly has the implication that the and thus for a variety of reasons the taille was a burdensome and garments are made to the order, and to the measure, of the hated tax . It had still further vices: not only were nobles and individual purchaser, as opposed to ready-made clothing, which ecclesiastics exempt from it, but many other privileges had been introduced by law, total or partial exemption extending to a large means articles of apparel manufactured in' large quantities in a number of See also:

• CIVIL

civil and military officials and employes of the crown series of stock or See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard sizes, such that any purchaser may on the ferme generale .

The towns in general were not subject to it, expect to find among them one that will See also:

• FIT

fit him with more or at least directly; some had been exempt from time immemorial, less accuracy . The clothing See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade was originally confined to others (redimees) had See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased exemption for a sum of See also:

• MONEY

money, yet others (abonnees) had compounded for the tax, i.e. instead of goods of the poorest grades, but it has come, especially in paying the taille they paid into the royal See also:

• TREASURY

treasury a sum fixed by See also:

• AMERICA

America, to include articles of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good, though not of the first, contract, which they generally raised by octrois, or entrance dues. quality . It probably first came into existence at seaport towns, Such was the administration of the taille until about the middle where, to meet the convenience of sailors returning from long of the 17th century, after which time, although the broad lines remained the same, important reforms were introduced . They voyages and requiring their wardrobes to be replenished at came principally from the provincial intendants, or from the See also:

• TOURS

tours See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• NOTICE

notice, the " outfitters " kept See also:

• STOCKS

stocks of ready-made See also:

• DES

des aides, which were animated by a liberal spirit . The intendants, garments on See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale; but it made no considerable progress until by an exercise of their general or See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, took the place of after the middle of the 19th century, when the introduction of the elus, and delegated commissaires aux tailles (commissaries of the faille) for the assessment of the parishes, who guided and super- the sewing-See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine brought about the possibility of manuvised the elected collectors—for the most part ignorant and partial facturing in large quantities . Its development was attended peasants . They also endeavoured to distinguish between different with gradually increasing subdivision of labour and, to a large kinds of income, in order to arrive at a more just estimate of the extent, with the disappearance of the tailor as a skilled craftsman. total income, and fixed by See also:

• TARIFF (adapted in English from the French; the word comes through the Spanish tarifa, a list or schedule of prices, from the Arabic, ta'rifa, information, an inventory, 'arf, know-ledge)

tariff the proportion in which each kind of income was to contribute . They sometimes settled officially The first step was for a garment, such as a coat, to be corn-and of their own authority the See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of certain taxpayers, and, pleted by the See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint efforts of a family . Then followed the " task though this was sometimes done as a favour, it was often a measure system,” which in America was the result of the influx of of justice . They also tried to limit the See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope of privileges . These See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews that began about 1875 . Under it a team of three efforts were inspired by a series of scientific studies and criticisms, with a " " and a to sew on the buttons, divided chief among which were See also:

• VAUBAN

Vauban's See also:

• DIME (from the Lat. decima, a tenth, through the O. Fr. disme)

Dime royale, and the Taille men, w tarifee presser girl of the See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

Abbe de St .

See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre. the See also:

• WORK

work between them . Payment was made by the " task," In certain districts the taille was real (faille reelle) i.e. a tax on i.e. a specified number of garments, the money being divided real See also:

• PROPERTY

property . It was not an equal tax falling on all landowners, between the members of the team in certain proportions . Often but the question as to whether a certain See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate was to be taxed or several teams would be run by a contractor, who naturally not was decided according to the quality of the property, and not selected the cheapest workshops he could find and them that of the owner . The biens nobles (fiefs) and the biens ecclesiastiques Ps packed were exempt; tenures roturieres, however, by whomsoever held, were as full of workers as possible; and when through stress of corn-taxed . A small part of the pays d'elections was also pays de taille See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition he had to accept See also:

• LOWER

lower prices the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan he adopted was rcele . But it was the chief form of tax in the pays d'etats, and even to increase the number of garments to a task; leaving the pay there an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt had generally been made to check the exemption unaltered . The result was the introduction of many of the of nobles' property . It has been shown that in these districts the y faille had originally been personal, having become real by a curious worst features of the " sweating system," the workers having to See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution . In these districts there were cadastres, or compoix- work excessively long See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours in order to finish the task, which +iers (See also:

• LAND

land registers), which allowed of a non-arbitrary assessment; in some cases meant as many as twenty coats a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . In the fd at the end of the ancien regime merely needed revision . In certain provinces where the royal taille was levied there were factory " or "See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston " system the subdivision is still more neither elections nor generalites, and the whole administration of See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute, and as many as one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred persons. may be concerned the tax was in the hands of the intendants .

These were the provinces in the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of one coat . The amount of tailoring skill of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, which were See also:

• UNITED

united to the crown at a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period required in a worker is even further reduced, but the premises when the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the intendants was already fully See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed; come under the regulation of the factory See also:

• LAWS

laws . The factory they were sometimes known as pays d'See also:

• IMPOSITION (from Lat. imponere, to place or lay upon)

imposition' system has also cheapened production in a legitimate way, See FRANCE: and Institutions; See also:

• HENRI

Henri See, See also:

• LES

Les Classes because it has enabled See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical power for See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving sewinB rurales et le e regime domanial en France an See also:

• MAYEN

Mayen See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

Age (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1901); and See also:

• AUGER (from the O. Eng. nafu-gar, nave-borer; the original initial n having been lost, as in " adder," through a confusion in the case of a preceding indefinite article)

Auger, See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

Code des tailles (Paris, 1788) . (J . P . E.) See also:

• MACHINES

machines, and also expensive labour-saving machinery, to be 36o introduced to an extent not economically possible in small shops .