See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

PETER See also:

• GUTHRIE
• GUTHRIE, SIR JAMES (1859– )
• GUTHRIE, THOMAS (1803-1873)
• GUTHRIE, THOMAS ANSTEY (1856- )

GUTHRIE See also:

• TAIT, ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL (1811-1882)
• TAIT, ARTHUR FITZWILLIAM (1819-1905)
• PETER GUTHRIE TAIT (1831-1901)

TAIT (1831-1901)  , Scottish physicist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• DALKEITH

Dalkeith on the 28th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1831 . After attending the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy at See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh and spending a session at the University, he went up to See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge as a member of Peterhouse, and graduated as See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior wrangler and first See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith's prizeman in 1852 . As a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow and lecturer of his See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college he remained in Cambridge for two years longer, and then See also:

• LEFT

left to take up the professorship of See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics at See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen's College, See also:

• BELFAST

Belfast . There he made the acquaintance of See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT (c. 1737–1797)
• ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813–1885)

Andrews, whom he joined in researches on the See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density of See also:

• OZONE

ozone and the See also:

• ACTION

action of the electric See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge on See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen and other gases, and by whom he was introduced to See also:

• SIR

Sir W . R . See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton and See also:

• QUATERNIONS

quaternions . In 186o he was chosen to succeed his old See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, J . D . See also:

• FORBES
• FORBES, ALEXANDER PENROSE (1817-1875)
• FORBES, ARCHIBALD (1838-1900)
• FORBES, DAVID (1828--1876)
• FORBES, DUNCAN
• FORBES, EDWARD (1815—1854)
• FORBES, JAMES DAVID (1809—1868)
• FORBES, SIR JOHN (1787—1861)

Forbes, as See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of natural See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy at Edinburgh, and this See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair he occupied till within a few months of his See also:

• DEATH

death, which occurred on the 4th of See also:

• JULY

July 1901, at Edinburgh . The first scientific See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper that appears under See also:

• TAIT, ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL (1811-1882)
• TAIT, ARTHUR FITZWILLIAM (1819-1905)
• TAIT, PETER GUTHRIE (1831-1901)

Tait's name only was published in 1860 . His earliest See also:

• WORK

work dealt mainly with mathematical subjects, and especially with quaternions (q.v.), of which he may be regarded as the leading exponent after their originator, Hamilton . He was the author of two See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text-books on them—one an Elementary See also:

• TREATISE

Treatise on Quaternions (1867), written with the See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice of Hamilton, though not published till after his death, and the other an Introduction to Quaternions (1873), in which he was aided by Professor See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip Kelland (1808-1879), who had been one of his teachers at Edinburgh .

In addition, quaternions was one of the themes of his address as See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the mathematical See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Association in 1871 . But he also produced See also:

• ORIGINAL

original work in mathematical and experimental physics . In 1864 he published a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short paper on See also:

• THERMODYNAMICS (from Gr. Bepµos, hot, Siva trs, force)

thermodynamics, and from that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time his contributions to that and kindred departments of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science became frequent and important . In 1871 he emphasized the significance and promise of the principle of the dissipation of See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy . In 1873 he took See also:

• THERMOELECTRICITY

thermoelectricity for the subject of his discourse as Rede lecturer at Cambridge, and in the same See also:

• YEAR

year he presented the first See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of his well-known thermoelectric See also:

• DIAGRAM

diagram before the Royal Society of Edinburgh . Two years later researches on " See also:

• CHARCOAL

Charcoal Vacua " with J . See also:

• DEWAR, SIR JAMES (1842- )

Dewar led him to see the true dynamical explanation of the See also:

• CROOKES, SIR WILLIAM (1832– )

Crookes See also:

• RADIOMETER

radiometer in the largeness of the See also:

• FREE

free path of the See also:

• MOLECULE (from mod. Lat. molecula, the diminutive of moles, a mass)

molecule of the highly rarefied See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air . From 1879 to 1888 he was engaged on difficult experimental investigations, which began with an inquiry into the corrections required, owing to the See also:

• GREAT

great pressures to which the See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments had been subjected, in the readings of the thermometers employed by the " Challenger " expedition for observing deep-See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea temperatures, and which were extended to include the compressibility of See also:

• WATER

water, See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass and See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

mercury . Between 1886 and 1892 he published a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of papers on the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of the kinetic theory of gases, the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth of which contained what was, according to See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• KELVIN, WILLIAM THOMSON, BARON (1824-1907)

Kelvin, the first See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof ever given of the Waterston-See also:

• MAXWELL
• MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK (1831–1879)

Maxwell theorem of the See also:

• AVERAGE

average equal See also:

• PARTITION

partition of energy in a mixture of two different gases; and about the same time he carried out investigations into impact and its duration . Many other inquiries conducted by him might be mentioned, and some See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea may be gained of his scientific activity from the fact that a selection only from his papers, published by the Cambridge University See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

Press, fills three large volumes . This See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of work was done in the time he could spare from his professorial teaching in the university . In addition, he was the author of a number of books and articles .

Of the former, the first, published in 1896, was on the See also:

• DYNAMICS
• DYNAMICS (from Gr. bbvayts, strength)

dynamics of a particle; and afterwards there followed a number of concise See also:

• TREATISES

treatises on thermodynamics, See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, See also:

• LIGHT

light, properties of See also:

• MATTER

matter and dynamics, together with an admirably lucid See also:

• VOLUME

volume of popular lectures on See also:

• RECENT

Recent Advances in See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Science . With Lord Kelvin he collaborated in See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing the well-known Treatise on Natural Philosophy . " See also:

• THOMSON, JAMES (1822-1892)
• THOMSON, JAMES (1834-1882)
• THOMSON, JAMES (r700-1748)
• THOMSON, JOHN (1778-184o)
• THOMSON, JOSEPH (1858-1895)
• THOMSON, SIR CHARLES WYVILLE (1830-1882)
• THOMSON, THOMAS (1773-1852)
• THOMSON, WILLIAM (1819-189o)

Thomson and Tait," as it is familiarly called (" T and T" was the authors' own See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula), was planned soon after Lord Kelvin became acquainted with Tait, on the latter's See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment to his professorship in Edinburgh, and it was intended to be an all-comprehensive treatise on physical science, the foundations being laid in See also:

• KINEMATICS (from Gr. rciVI La, a motion)

kinematics and dynamics, and the structure completed with the properties of matter, heat, light, See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity and See also:

• MAGNETISM
• MAGNETISM, TERRESTRIAL

magnetism . But the See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• PARTNERSHIP (earlier forms, partener, parcener, from Late Lat. partionarius for partitionarius, from partitio, sharing, pars, part)

partnership ceased in about eighteen years, when only the first portion of the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan had been completed, because each of the members See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt he could work to better See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage separately than jointly . The friend- See also:

• SHIP

ship, however, endured for the twenty-three years which yet remained of Tait's See also:

• LIFE

life . Tait collaborated with See also:

• BALFOUR, FRANCIS MAITLAND (1851-1882)
• BALFOUR, ROBERT (known also as BALFOREUS) (1550?-1625?)
• BALFOUR, SIR JAMES (of Pittendreich) (d. 1583 Or 1584)
• BALFOUR, SIR JAMES, BART

Balfour See also:

• STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
• STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
• STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
• STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
• STEWART, J
• STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
• STEWART, JULIUS L
• STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
• STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
• STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
• STEWART, STUART
• STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)

Stewart in the Unseen Universe, which was followed by Paradoxical Philosophy . Among his articles may be mentioned those which he wrote for the ninth edition of this See also:

• ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Encyclopaedia on Light, See also:

• MECHANICS

Mechanics, Quaternions, See also:

• RADIATION, THEORY OF

Radiation and Thermodynamics, besides the See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical notices of Hamilton and Clerk Maxwell .