See also:

• TANGANYIKA (a name said by V. L. Cameron to signify a " mixing-place ")

TANGANYIKA (a name said by V. L. See also:

• CAMERON, JOHN (1579–1623)
• CAMERON, RICHARD (1648?–168o)
• CAMERON, SIMON (1799-1889)
• CAMERON, VERNEY LOVETT (1844–1894)

Cameron to signify a " mixing-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place ")  , a vast See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake in See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East-Central See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, the longest See also:

• FRESHWATER

freshwater lake in the See also:

• WORLD

world, measuring just over 400 m., with a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general breadth varying from 30 to 45 m., and an See also:

• AREA

area of about 12,700 sq. m . It lies at an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of about 2600 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, and occupies the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern end of the See also:

• GREAT

great central rift-valley, which terminates suddenly at its southern point, the See also:

• LINE

line of depression being represented farther See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south by the more easterly trough of Lakes See also:

• NYASA

Nyasa and See also:

• RUKWA (sometimes also Rikwa and Hikwa)

Rukwa, from which See also:

• TANGANYIKA (a name said by V. L. Cameron to signify a " mixing-place ")

Tanganyika is separated by the Fipa See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, composed of old granitoid rocks; though even here traces of old valley-walls are said by Dr Kohlschiitter to exist . See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North of Tanganyika the valley is suddenly interrupted by a line of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient eruptive ridges, which See also:

• DAM

dam back the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of Lake See also:

• KIVU

Kivu (q.v.), but have been recently cut through by the outlet of that lake, the Rusizi, which enters Tanganyika by several mouths at its See also:

• NORTHERN

northern end . The See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain traversed by the See also:

• LOWER

lower Rusizi was evidently once a portion of the lake See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor . Tanganyika has been formed by the subsidence of a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long narrow See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country relatively to the surrounding plateaus, which fall to the lake in abrupt cliffs, some thousands of feet high in places . The See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological formations thus exposed show that the plateaus are composed of a See also:

• BASE

base of eruptive material, overlaid by enormous deposits of reddish sandstones, conglomerates and quartzites, exposed in parts to a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of 2000 feet . Besides the plain to the north, a considerable area to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, near the Lukuga outlet (see below), shows signs of having been once covered by the lake, and it is the See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of Mr J . E . S . See also:

• MOORE, A
• MOORE, ALBERT JOSEPH (1841–1893)
• MOORE, EDWARD (1712–1757)
• MOORE, GEORGE (1853– )
• MOORE, GEORGE FOOT (1851– )
• MOORE, HENRY (1831–1895)
• MOORE, JOHN (1729-1802)
• MOORE, SIR JOHN (1761-1809)
• MOORE, THOMAS (1779-1852)

Moore that the See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone ridges which here See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound the trough have been recently elevated, and have been cut through by the Lukuga during the See also:

• PROCESS

process . The past See also:

• HISTORY

history of the lake has long been a disputed question, and Mr Moore's view that it represents an old See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm of the sea is contested by other writers . This See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea originated in the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of a jelly-See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, gasteropods, and other organisms of a more or less marine type, and presenting some See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity with forms of Jurassic See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age .

This See also:

• FAUNA

fauna, to which the See also:

• TERM

term " halolimnic " has been applied, was known to exist from specimens obtained by Mr E . C . Hore and other See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early travellers, but has been more systematically studied by Mr Moore (during expeditions of 1896 and 1898—99) and Dr W . A . Cunnington (1904—5) . Various considerations throw doubt on Mr Moore's theory, especially the almost entire See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of marine fossiliferous beds in the whole of See also:

• EQUATORIAL

equatorial Africa at a distance from the sea, of any remains of Jurassic faunas which might See also:

• LINK

link the Tanganyika forms with those of undoubted Jurassic age in neighbouring regions . The formation of the existing rift-valley seems in any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case to date from See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary times only . Although drinkable, the See also:

• WATER

water of the lake seems at times at least to be very slightly brackish, and it was supposed by some that no outlet existed until, in 1874, See also:

• LIEUTENANT

Lieutenant See also:

• CAMERON, JOHN (1579–1623)
• CAMERON, RICHARD (1648?–168o)
• CAMERON, SIMON (1799-1889)
• CAMERON, VERNEY LOVETT (1844–1894)

Cameron showed that the surplus water was discharged towards the upper See also:

• CONGO

Congo by the Lukuga See also:

• RIVER

river, about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . The outlet was further examined in 1876 by Mr (afterwards See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry) See also:

• STANLEY (FAMILY)
• STANLEY, ARTHUR PENRHYN (18x5–1881)
• STANLEY, EDWARD (1779-1849)
• STANLEY, SIR HENRY MORTON (184o-1904)
• STANLEY, SIR WILLIAM (1548-163o)
• STANLEY, THOMAS (1625-1678)

Stanley, who found that a See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar had formed across the outlet, and it has since been proved that the outflow is intermittent, ceasing almost entirely after a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of scanty rainfall, and becoming again established when the lake-level has been raised by a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series. of See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy years . About 188o it was See also:

• RUNNING

running strongly, but about this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time a See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual fall in the lake-level set in, and was continued, with occasional pauses, for some twenty years, the amount being estimated by Wissmann at 2 feet annually . In 1896 See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain H . See also:

• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1686-1758)
• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1713-1784)
• RAMSAY, ANDREW MICHAEL (1686-1743)
• RAMSAY, DAVID (1749—1815)
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM (1852– )
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM MITCHELL (185r– )

Ramsay found that a wide level plain, which had before been covered by water, intervened between See also:

• UJIJI

Ujiji and the lake, but stated that no further sinking had taken See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place during the two previous years .

Near Tembwe See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

Head Mr I, . A . See also:

• WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL (1823— )
• WALLACE, LEWIS [LEW] (1827—1905)
• WALLACE, SIR RICHARD
• WALLACE, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1270-1305)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1768-1843)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1844-1897)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM VINCENT (1814-1865)

Wallace found See also:

• RECENT

recent beaches 16 feet above the existing level . The Lukuga was reported blocked by a bar about 1897, but a certain amount of water was found flowing down by Mr Moore in 1899; while in 1901 Mr See also:

• CODRINGTON, CHRISTOPHER (1668-1710)
• CODRINGTON, SIR EDWARD (1770-1851)

Codrington found the level 4 or 5 feet higher than in 1900, the outlet having again silted up . A continued rise was also reported in 1907 . In any case, the alterations in level appear to be merely periodic, and due to fluctuations in rainfall, and do not point, as some have supposed, to a See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular drying up of the lake . The lake is fed by a number of See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers and small streams which descend from the surrounding See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands . The Mlagarazi (or Malagarasi), perhaps the largest feeder, derives most of its water from the rainy districts east of the See also:

• STRIP

strip of high ground which shuts in the lake on the north-east . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main stream, in fact, has a nearly circular course, rising in 4° 40' S., only some to See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles from the lake See also:

• SHORE

shore and less than 40 miles from its mouth, though its length is at least 220 miles . The other branches of the Mlagarazi, which See also:

• TRAVERSE

traverse the somewhat arid See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite plateaus between the lake and 33° E., bring comparatively little water to the main stream . In its lower course the river is a rapid stream flowing between steep See also:

• JUNGLE (Sans. jangala)

jungle-clad hills, with one fall of 50 feet, and is of little use for See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation . The various channels of its See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta are also obstructed with See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand-See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks in the dry See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season .

The Rusizi, the next (or perhaps equal) in importance among the feeders of the lake, has already been spoken of . It receives many tributaries from the sides of the rift-valley, and is navigable for canoes . The remaining feeders are of distinctly less importance, the Lofu, which enters in the south-west, being probably the largest . Tanganyika has never been sounded systematically, but the whole configuration of its valley points to its being generally deep, and this has been confirmed by a few actual measurements . Dr See also:

• LIVINGSTONE, DAVID (1813-1873)

Livingstone obtained a depth of 326 fathoms opposite See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Kabogo, south of Ujiji . Mr Hore often failed to find bottom with a line of 168 fathoms . The See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French explorer, See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor See also:

• GIRAUD, GIOVANNI, COUNT (1776-1834)

Giraud, re-ported 647 metres (about 350 fathoms) off Mrumbi on the west coast, and Moore depths of 200 fathoms and upwards near the south end . The shores fall rapidly as a See also:

• RULE

rule, and there is a marked scarcity of islands, none occurring of any See also:

• SIZE

size or at a distance from the coast line . The lake is subject to occasional storms, especially from the south-south-east and south-west, which leave a heavy swell and impede navigation . The See also:

• CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

cloud and See also:

• THUNDER

thunder and See also:

• LIGHTNING

lightning effects are spoken of as very impressive, and the scenery of the lake and its shores has been much extolled by travellers . Vegetation is generally luxuriant, and See also:

• FOREST

forest clothes portions of the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain slopes . The lake lies on the dividing line between the floral regions of East and West Africa, and the oil-See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm characteristic of the latter is found on its shores .

The largest See also:

• TIMBER

timber See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree is the mvule, which attains vast dimensions, its See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk supplying the natives with the dug-out canoes with which they navigate the lake . The more level parts of the shores have a fertile See also:

• SOIL

soil and produce a variety of crops, including See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice, See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize, manioc, sweet potatoes, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-See also:

• CANE

cane, &c., &c . The waters display an abundance of See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal See also:

• LIFE

life, crocodiles and hippopotami occurring in the hays and river mouths, which are also the haunts of water-See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl of many kinds . Fish are also plentiful . Various sections of the See also:

• BANTU

Bantu See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

Negro See also:

• RACE

race dwell around the lake, those on the west and south-west showing the most pronounced Negro type, while the tribes on the east exhibit some intermixture with representatives of the Hamitic stock, and (towards the south) some traces of Zulu See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . The surrounding region has been overrun by See also:

• ARABS

Arabs and See also:

• SWAHILI (Wa-Swahili, i.e. coast people, from the Arabic sail, coast)

Swahili from the East See also:

• AFRICAN

African coast . Though rumours of the existence of the lake had previously reached the east coast, Tanganyika was not visited by any See also:

• EUROPEAN

European until, in 1858, the famous expedition of See also:

• BURTON, JOHN HILL (1809–1881)
• BURTON, ROBERT (1577-1640)
• BURTON, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816–f goo)
• BURTON, SIR RICHARD FRANCIS (1821-1890)
• BURTON, WILLIAM EVANS (1804-1860)

Burton and See also:

• SPEKE, HUGH (1656-c. 1724)
• SPEKE, JOHN HANNING (1827-1864)

Speke reached the Arab See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of Ujiji and partially explored the northern portion . Ujiji became famous some years later as the spot where Dr Livingstone was found by Stanley in 1871, after being lost to sight for some time in the centre of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent . The southern See also:

• HALF

half of the lake was first circumnavigated by Lieutenant V . L . Cameron in 1874, and the whole lake by Stanley in 1876 . The mapping of Tanganyika, which long rested on the surveys of Mr E .

C . Hore, published in 1882, received considerable modification, about 1899-1900, from the See also:

• WORK

work of See also:

• FERGUSSON, JAMES (18o8-r886)
• FERGUSSON, ROBERT (1750-1774)
• FERGUSSON, SIR WILLIAM

Fergusson, Lemaire, Kohlschutter and others, who showed that while the general outline of the coasts had been See also:

• DRAWN

drawn fairly correctly, the whole central portion, and to a lesser degree the northern, must be shifted a considerable distance to the west . At Mtowa, in 5° 43' S., the amount of shifting of the west coast was about 30 miles . At Ujiji, on the east coast, the See also:

• LONGITUDE (from Lat. longitudo, " length ")

longitude was given by Kohlschutter as 290 40' 2" E. as compared with 30° 4' 30" E. of Cameron, a difference of some 25 miles . In the See also:

• PARTITION

partition of Africa among the European See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

Powers, the shores of Tanganyika have been shared by See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium, Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, Great Britain holding the southern extremity, Germany the east, and Belgium the west . Stations have been established on the lake by all three Powers, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal being—See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German: Bismarckburg in the south and Ujiji in the north; See also:

• BRITISH

British: Sumbu and Kasakalawe, on Cameron See also:

• BAY

Bay; Belgian: Mtowa or Albertville in 6° S . Missionaries, especially the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic " See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Fathers," are also active on its shores . A small steamer, the " See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good See also:

• NEWS

News," was placed on the lake by the See also:

• LONDON

London Missionary Society in 1884, but afterwards became the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of the African Lakes See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

Corporation; a larger steamer, the " Hedwig von Wissmann," carrying a See also:

• QUICK

quick-firing See also:

• KRUPP, ALFRED (1812—1887)

Krupp See also:

• GUN

gun, was launched in 190o by a German expedition under Lieutenant Schloifer; and others are owned by the " Tanganyika Concessions " and See also:

• KATANGA

Katanga companies . The greater See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade with Tanganyika is done by the African Lakes Corporation by the See also:

• SHIRE

Shire-Nyasa route, but the Germans have opened up overland routes from See also:

• DAR

Dar-es-See also:

• SALAAM (Arab. salam, " peace ")

Salaam .