See also:

• TARENTUM
• TARENTUM (Gr. rapas)

TARENTUM (Gr. rapas)  , a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy (mod . See also:

• TARANTO (anc. Tarentum, q.v.)

Taranto, q.v.), situated on the N. See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of the gulf of the same name, on a rocky islet at the entrance to the only secure See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour in it . It was a Spartan See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony founded about the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 8th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C . (See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome gives the date 708) to relieve the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of a See also:

• PART

part of its See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population which did not possess, but claimed to enjoy, full civic rights . See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

Legend represents these Partheniae (so they are called) as Spartans with a stain on their See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, but the accounts are neither clear nor consistent, and the facts that underlie them have not been cleared up . The Greeks were not the first settlers on the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula: excavations have brought to See also:

• LIGHT

light signs of a pre-Hellenic See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement . To the Greeks Taras was a mythical See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero, son of See also:

• NEPTUNE
• NEPTUNE (Lat. NEPTUNUS)

Neptune, and he is sometimes confounded with the oecist (See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official founder) of the colony, Phalanthus . Situated in a fertile See also:

• DISTRICT

district, especially famous for See also:

• OLIVES, MOUNT OF, or MOUNT OLIVET ("Opus 'EXc uwos or riov 'EXauav; mod. Jebel-et-Tur)

olives and See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, with an admirable harbour, See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries and prosperous manufactures of See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, See also:

• PURPLE

purple 1 and pottery, See also:

• TARENTUM
• TARENTUM (Gr. rapas)

Tarentum See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew in See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and extended its domain inland . Even a great defeat by the natives in 473 B.C., when more Greeks See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell than in any See also:

• BATTLE

battle known to See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus, did not break its prosperity, though it led to a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government from See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy to See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy . A See also:

• FEUD

feud with the Thurians for the district of the Siris was settled in 432 by the See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of See also:

• HERACLEA

Heraclea, which, however, was regarded as a Tarentine colony . In the 4th century Tarentum was the first city of Magna Graecia, and its wealth and See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic culture at this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time are amply attested by its See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich and splendid coins; the See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold pieces in particular (mainly later than 36o) are perhaps the most beautiful ever struck by Greeks (see Nunrsstartcs) . In the second See also:

• HALF

half of the century Tarentum was in See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with the Lucanians, and did not hold its ground without the aid of Spartan and Epirote condottieri .

Then followed war with See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome (281) in consequence of the injudicious attack of the See also:

• MOB

mob on the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• FLEET

fleet in the harbour of Tarentum and on the Roman See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison at See also:

• THURII, or THURIUM

Thurii, the expedition of See also:

• PYRRHUS (c. 318–272 B.C.)

Pyrrhus, whom Tarentum summoned to its aid, and at length, in 272, the-surrender of the city by its Epirote garrison . Tarentum retained nominal See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty as an ally of Rome . In the Second Punic War it went over to See also:

• HANNIBAL
• HANNIBAL (" mercy " or " favour of Baal ")

Hannibal in 212, and suffered severely when it was retaken and plundered by See also:

• FABIUS

Fabius (209), who sold See also:

• THIRTY

thirty thousand citizens as slaves . After this it fell into decay, but revived again after receiving a colony in 123 B.C., 1 Large heaps of the shells of the murex, or purple-yielding See also:

• MUSSEL (0. Eng. muscle, Lat. musculus, diminutive of mus, mouse, applied to small sea fish and mussels)

mussel, were visible on the See also:

• SHORE

shore before the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal.which received the name of Neptunia . In the time of See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus it was essentially Greek and a favourite See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of resort (See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace, Od., iii . 5, 53), but it declined afterwards . See also:

• BELISARIUS (c. 505–565)

Belisarius ordered it to be re-fortified, but it was soon taken by See also:

• TOTILA (d. 552)

Totila, who made it his treasure See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store . After his defeat by See also:

• NARSES (c. 478—573)
• NARSES, NARSEH, NARSEUS

Narses, it was sold to the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire by its See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor . One of the most interesting discoveries of See also:

• RECENT

recent years has been that of a See also:

• TERRAMARA (from Ital. terra mama, " marl ")

terramara on the so-called Scoglio del Tonno on the N.W. of the See also:

• TOWN

town, which in its type and in the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the See also:

• OBJECTS

objects found there, is exactly identical with the terremare of the Po valley . It seems, however, to be an isolated colony, and not to prove a parallel development in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south Italy (T . E . Peet in Papers of the See also:

• BRITISH

British School at Rome, iv., 1907, 285) .

Almost the only relic of any See also:

• BUILDING

building of the Greek city is a part of a Doric See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple on the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island—which the See also:

• MODERN

modern town occupies—two fluted columns, with a See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter of 63 ft., and a height of 28 ft., and some fragments of the See also:

• ENTABLATURE (Lat. in, and tabula, a tablet)

entablature, belonging probably to the beginning of the 6th century B.C., so that this is one of the earliest extant Doric temples . The See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the site was, however, different in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient times; the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock occupied by the modern town was, it is true, the citadel, but was connected with the See also:

• LAND

land to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west by an See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

isthmus, which was only cut through by See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand I. of See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon; and it was also a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• DEAL

deal less extensive . The See also:

• LINE

line of the walls which defended the city on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east (land) See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side has been traced, and a few remains of well-cut blocks, with Greek masons' marks, still exist . In the centre of the See also:

• AGORA

Agora was the huge See also:

• BRONZE

bronze See also:

• ZEUS

Zeus by See also:

• LYSIPPUS

Lysippus, and facing on to it the IlouaX,, or painted See also:

• PORTICO (Ital. for " porch," Lat. porticus)

portico, with pictorial representations of the See also:

• LIFE

life of Phalanthus, and the foundation of the city, and the museum . There was also a See also:

• FINE

fine gymnasium and other buildings mentioned by classical writers . See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo's description of the site (vi . 3, 1) is a good one . Of all these structures no traces remain . The Roman See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and remains of Roman See also:

• BATHS

baths by the seashore, have been found; the former perhaps occupies the site of the ancient See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, in which the Roman See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador was received in 281 B.C . Three fine mosaics of the Roman See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period were found in the remains of a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house in 1899, and transported to the museum (A . Avena, Monumenti dell' Italia Meridionale, See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, 1903, 239) . A fine See also:

• SILVER

silver See also:

• JUG

jug and drinking-See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

horn, found in Tarentum in 1889 (now in Triest) are illustrated by A .

Puschi• and F . See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

Winter in Jahreshefte See also:

• DES

des Osterr . See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

Arch . Instituts, v . (1902) 112 . Other silver vessels found in 1896 are in the important See also:

• LOCAL

local museum (G . Patroni in Notizie degli scavi, 1896, 376), and at See also:

• BARI
• BARI (anc. Barium)

Bari (M . See also:

• MAYER, JOHANN TOBIAS (1723-1762)
• MAYER, JULIUS ROBERT (1814-1878)

Mayer, ibid., 1896, 547) . All seem to belong to the 4th century B.C . To the N.W. of the town along the Massafia road, See also:

• NEOLITHIC, or LATER STONE AGE (Gr. vEOr, new, and XLOos, stone)

neolithic tombs and a fine Greek hypogaeum in See also:

• MASONRY

masonry were discovered in 1900 . (T .