See also:

• LUCIUS

LUCIUS TARQUINIUS See also:

• PRISCUS

PRISCUS  , fifth legendary See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome (616-578 B.C.) . He is represented as the son of a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek refugee, who removed from See also:

• TARQUINII (mod. Corneto Tarquinia, q.v.)

Tarquinii in See also:

• ETRURIA

Etruria to Rome, by the See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice of his wife, the prophetess See also:

• TANAQUIL

Tanaquil . Appointed See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian to the sons of Ancus Marcius, he succeeded in sup-planting them on the See also:

• THRONE

throne on their See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• DEATH

death . He laid out the See also:

• CIRCUS (Lat. circus, Gr. Kipeos or Kptxot, a ring or' circle; probably " circus " and " ring " are of the same origin)

Circus See also:

• MAXIMUS
• MAXIMUS, ST (c. 58o-662)

Maximus, instituted the " See also:

• GREAT

great " See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games, built and also in 1 548 when the turbulent szlachta tried to annul by force the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of See also:

• SIGISMUND (1368-1437)

Sigismund See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus with See also:

• BARBARA, SAINT

Barbara Radziwill . In 1553, however, we find him in opposition to the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court and thwarting as much as possible the designs of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young king . Nevertheless See also:

• TARNOWSKI, JAN [called MAGNUS] (1488-1561)

Tarnowski was emphatically an aristocrat and an oligarch, proud of his See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient lineage and intensely opposed to the democratic tendencies of the szlachta . A See also:

• FIRM

firm See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance between the king and the magnates was his ideal of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, though a devout See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic, he was opposed to the exclusive See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction of the bishops I however, that the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement occupied the site of the and would even have limited the authority of Rome in See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland. See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• TOWN

town of Corneto, to the W.S.W., on the further See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of As a soldier Tarnowski invented a new See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics which I a deep valley . Some authorities indeed consider, and very likely with See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, that this was the site of the See also:

• ETRUSCAN

Etruscan See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, and that the Piano di Civita, which lies further inland and commands but little view of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, was only occupied in See also:

• ROMAN

Roman times . The See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case would be parallel to others in Etruria, e.g . Civita Castellana (anc . See also:

• FALERII [mod. Civitd Castellana (q.v.)]

Falerii) which also occupies the site of the Etruscan city, while the Roman site, some distance away, is now abandoned .

The importance of Tarquinii to archaeologists lies mainly in its See also:

• NECROPOLIS

necropolis, situated to the S.E. of the medieval town, on the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill which, from the tumuli raised above the tombs, bears the name of Monterozzi . The tombs them-selves are of various kinds . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest are tombe a pozzo, or See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves, containing the ashes of the dead in an See also:

• URN (Lat. urna, either from root of urere, to burn, being made of burnt clay, or connected with urceus, Gr. I5pxa, jar)

urn, of the See also:

• VILLANOVA

Villanova See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, the oldest of them probably pre-Etruscan; in some of these tombs hut urns, like those of See also:

• LATIUM

Latium, are found . Next come the various kinds of inhumation graves, the most important of which are See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-hewn See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers, many of which contain well-preserved paintings of various periods; some show See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close kinship to archaic Greek See also:

• ART

art, while others are more See also:

• RECENT

recent, and one, the Grotta del Tifone (so called from the typhons, or winged genii of death, represented) in which Latin as well as Etruscan See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions appear, belongs perhaps to the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C . See also:

• FINE

Fine sarcophagi from these tombs, some 'showing traces of See also:

• PAINTING

painting, are preserved in the municipal museum, and also numerous fine Greek vases, bronzes and other See also:

• OBJECTS

objects . Tarquinii is said to have been already a flourishing city when See also:

• DEMARATUS (Doric Aaµaparos, Ionic Arlµapi ros)

Demaratus of See also:

• CORINTH
• CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF

Corinth brought in Greek workmen . It was the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the twelve cities of Etruria, and appears in the earliest See also:

• HISTORY

history of Rome as the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of two of its See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, Tarquinius See also:

• PRISCUS

Priscus and Tarquinius Superbus . From it many of the religious See also:

• RITES

rites and ceremonies of Rome are said to have been derived, and even in imperial times a collegium of sixty See also:

• HARUSPICES, or ARUSPICES (perhaps " entrail observers," cf. Skt. Kira, Gr. xopSit)

haruspices continued to exist there . The See also:

• PEOPLE

people of Tarquinii and See also:

• VEII

Veii attempted to restore Tarquinius Superbus to the throne after his See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion . In 358 B.C. the citizens of Tarquinii captured and put to death 307 Roman soldiers; the resulting See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war ended in 351 with a See also:

• FORTY

forty years' truce, renewed for a similar period in 308 . When Tarquinii came under Roman domination is uncertain, as is also the date at which it became a See also:

• MUNICIPALITY

municipality; in 181 B.C. its See also:

• PORT

port, Graviscae (mod . See also:

• PORTO

Porto Clementino), in an unhealthy position on the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, became a Roman See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony .

It exported See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine and carried on See also:

• CORAL

coral See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries . Nor do we hear much of it in Roman times; it See also:

• LAY

lay on the hills above the coast road . The See also:

• FLAX

flax and forests of its extensive territory are mentioned by classical authors, and we find Tarquinii offering to furnish Scipio with See also:

• SAILCLOTH

sailcloth in 195 B.C . A See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Tarquinii is mentioned in A.D . 456 . the great sewers (cloacae), and began the construction of the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• JUPITER

Jupiter on the Capitol . He carried on war success-fully against the Sabines and subjugated Latium . He is said to have raised the number of the senators to 300, and to have doubled the number of the knights (see See also:

• NAVIUS, ATTUS

NAVius, ATTus) . The introduction of many of the insignia both of war and of See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office is assigned to his reign, and he was the first to celebrate a Roman See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph, after the Etruscan See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion, in a robe of See also:

• PURPLE

purple and See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, and See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne on a See also:

• CHARIOT (derived from an O. Fr. word, formed from char, a car)

chariot See also:

• DRAWN

drawn by four horses . He was assassinated at the instigation of the sons of Ancus Marcius . The See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend of Tarquinius Priscus is in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main a See also:

• REPRODUCTION

reproduction of those of See also:

• ROMULUS

Romulus and Tullas Hostilius . His Corinthian descent, invented by the Greeks to establish a close connexion with Rome, is impossible for See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological reasons; further, according to the genuine Roman tradition, the Tarquinii were of Etruscan, not Greek, origin .

There seems to have been originally only one Tarquinius; later, when a connected See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of the legendary period was constructed, two (distinguished as the " See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

Elder " and the " Proud ") were introduced, separated by the reign of Servius Tullius, and the name of both was connected with the same events . Thus, certain public See also:

• WORKS

works were said to have been begun by the earlier and finished by the later king; both instituted games, acquired the Sibylline books, and reorganized the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . For the constitutional reforms attributed to Tarquinius, see ROME: Ancient History; for a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical examination of the story, See also:

• SCHWEGLER, ALBERT (1819-1857)

Schwegler, Romische Geschichte, bk. xv.; See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Cornewall See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

Lewis, Credibility of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Roman History, ch. r r ; W . Ihne, History of Rome, i.; E . Pais, Storia di See also:

• ROMA

Roma, i . (1898), who identifies Tarquinius with Tarpeius, the eponymus of the Tarpeian rock, subsequently See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed into the wicked king Tarquinius Superbus: Ancient authorities:—See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy i . 34—41; See also:

• DION

Dion . See also:

• HAL

Hal. iii . 46—73; Cic. de Repub., ii . 200 .