See also:

• TARRAGONA
• TARRAGONA (anc. Tarraco)

TARRAGONA (anc. Tarraco)  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• TARRAGONA
• TARRAGONA (anc. Tarraco)

Tarragona, a flourishing seaport, and the seat of an See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop; at the mouth of the See also:

• RIVER

river Francoli, 63 m. by See also:

• RAIL

rail W.S.W. of See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona, in 41° 10' N. and o° 20' E . Pop . (1900) 23,423 . Tarragona is on the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast railway from Barcelona to See also:

• VALENCIA
• VALENCIA, or VALENTIA

Valencia, and is connected with the See also:

• EBRO (anc. Iberus or Hiberus)

Ebro Valley Railway by See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch See also:

• LINE

line to See also:

• REUS

Reus . The picturesque old See also:

• TOWN

town, with its dark and steep alleys, occupies a rugged See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill which rises abruptly from the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea to an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of about 550 ft . Its highest point, where the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient citadel stood, is crowned by the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral. the See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary for prlests, and the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the archbishop, who shares the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title See also:

• PRIMATE (from Low Lat. primas=one who held the first place, primas partes)

primate of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain with the archbishop of See also:

• TOLEDO
• TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana)

Toledo . Many of the houses in this See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter are very old, and are built partly of See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• MASONRY

masonry; one such fragment, immured in the palace See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, is inscribed with the See also:

• EPITAPH (Gr. it oa¢cos, sc. X/yos, from bri, upon, and ra¢os, a tomb)

epitaph of a charioteer (See also:

• AURIGA (the " charioteer " or " waggoner ")

auriga) who, it says, would rather have died in the See also:

• CIRCUS (Lat. circus, Gr. Kipeos or Kptxot, a ring or' circle; probably " circus " and " ring " are of the same origin)

circus than of See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever . Massive ruined walls encircle the old town . Their lowest course is " Cyclopean," consisting of unhewn blocks about 12 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and 6 ft. wide; Roman masonry of the Augustan See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age is superimposed . The six See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates and the square towers are also, to a See also:

• GREAT

great extent, " Cyclopean." The palace, itself a See also:

• BUILDING

building of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, has an old fortified See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower, and there are See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks and forts in the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city; but Tarragona can no longer be regarded as a fortress capable of with-See also:

• STANDING

standing See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery, although it is officially classed as such . The new town, divided from the old by one broad and shady See also:

• AVENUE (the past participle feminine of Fr. avenir, to come to)

avenue, the Rambla de See also:

• SAN

San See also:

• CARLOS, DON (1545-1568)
• CARLOS, DON (1788-1855)
• CARLOS, DON (CHARLES MARIA DE LOS DOLORES JUAN ISIDOR.E JOSEPH FRANCIS QUIRIN ANTONY MICHAEL GABRIEL RAPHAEL) (1848—1909)

Carlos, and intersected by another, the more modern Rambla de San Juan, extends to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south along a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low promontory which juts out into the Mediterranean . Its outlying districts See also:

• MERGE

merge into the See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

Camp de Tarragona, a See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain planted with vines and See also:

• WALNUT (Juglans)

walnut, See also:

• ALMOND (from the O. Fr. almande or alemande, late Lat. amandola, derived through a form amingdola from the Gr. l uybian, an almond; the al- for a- is probably due to a confusion with the Arabic article al, the word having first dropped the a- as in the It

almond and See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive groves .

Tarragona cathedral is one of the noblest examples of early Spanish See also:

• ART

art . It is 320 ft. long and 103 ft. broad, and consisted originally of a See also:

• NAVE

nave, aisles, transepts with an octagonal See also:

• LANTERN (an adaptation of the Fr. lanterne from Lat. lanterna or laterna, supposed to be from Gr. Aa urritp, a torch or lamp, Aaµaew, to shine, cf. " lamp "; the 16th- and 17th-century form " lanthorn " is due to a mistaken derivation from " horn," as a m

lantern at the See also:

• CROSSING

crossing, and an apsidal See also:

• CHANCEL (through O. Fr. from Lat. plur. cancelli, dim. of cancer, grating, lattice, probably connected with an Indo-European root Kar-, to bend; cf. circus, curve, &c.)

chancel . Several exterior chapels were added in later times, and on the south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east stands a 14th-century See also:

• STEEPLE (akin to " steep")

steeple raised on a Romanesque tower . The east end was probably begun in 1131 on the ruins of an earlier See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, but the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• BODY

body of the building See also:

• DATES

dates from the end of the 12th century and the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 13th, and is of transitional See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character,—the exuberant richness of the sculptured capitals being admirably kept in subordination by the Romanesque simplicity of the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design . Considerable changes were introduced at a later date; and the See also:

• PRESENT

present west end of the nave cannot have been completed till See also:

• LATE

late in the 14th century . On the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-east See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side is a See also:

• CLOISTER (Lat. claustrum; Fr. cloitre; Ital. chiostro; Span. claustro; Ger. Kloster)

cloister contemporary with the church, with which it communicates by a very See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• DOORWAY (corresponding to the Gr. Iran, Lat. porte)

doorway . The cloister contains much remarkable See also:

• WORK

work, and the See also:

• TRACERY

tracery of the windows bears interesting marks of Moorish See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . Two other noteworthy churches in the city are San Pablo and See also:

• SANTA

Santa Tecla la Vieja, both of the 12th century . There is a fine Roman See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct; the Roman See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre was dismantled in 1491 to furnish See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone for the eastern See also:

• MOLE
• MOLE, LOUIS MATHIEU, COMTE (1781—1855)
• MOLE, MATHIEU (1584—1656)

mole, though a few rows of seats are See also:

• LEFT

left near the sea-See also:

• SHORE

shore; and the museum contains a large collection of Roman antiquities . The Torreon de Pilatos is said to have been the palace of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

Emperor See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus; it was partly destroyed by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French in 1811 and now serves as a See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison . Its name is connected with an old tradition that Pontius See also:

• PILATE, PONTIUS

Pilate was a native of the city . Tarragona has also many public buildings, including the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law courts, several hospitals, a provincial See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute, training See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools for teachers, and offices of the provincial and municipal governments .

When the monks of the Grande See also:

• CHARTREUSE
• CHARTREUSE, LA GRANDE

Chartreuse were compelled to leave See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, they settled at Tarragona in 1903, and established a liqueur factory; 20,000 cases of liqueur were exported in 1904 and 39,000 in 1905 . A characteristic feature of Tarragona is the number of its underground storehouses for See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine (bodegas) ; wine is exported in large quantities . There is a See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel See also:

• FILE

file factory; See also:

• CHOCOLATE

chocolate, See also:

• SOAP

soap, See also:

• FLOUR

flour, ironware, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, pipes and salted See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish are also manufactured . The See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour is at the extreme south-west of the new town . It was originally protected by a Roman See also:

• BREAKWATER

breakwater, which was destroyed in the 19th century . The eastern mole, founded in 1491 and frequently enlarged, terminates in a lighthouse . Its length was 1400 yards in 1904, when the construction of a new See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section was begun . In each of the five years 1901-5 about 87o See also:

• SHIPS

ships of 580,000 tons entered the See also:

• PORT

port . Wine, oil, nuts, almonds and small quantities of See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead and See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron are exported; the imports include See also:

• COAL

coal from Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain from the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Sea, staves and See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum from the See also:

• UNITED

United States, dried codfish from See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway and See also:

• ICELAND (Dan. Island)

Iceland, See also:

• GUANO (a Spanish word from the Peruvian huanu, dung)

guano and See also:

• PHOSPHATES

phosphates . See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

Close to the harbour and at the mouth of the Francoli is the fishermen's quarter (barrio de See also:

• PESCADORES (i.e. fishers)

pescadores), in which most of the houses are coloured See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—Tarraco, the capital of the Iberian Cessetani, many of whose coins are extant, was one of the earliest Roman strong-holds in Spain . It was captured in 218 B.C. by Gnaeus and Publius See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius Scipio, who improved its harbours and enlarged its walls .

A Roman See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument on a hill 3 M . E. is known as the Sepulcro de los Escipiones, and locally believed to be the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of the Scipios, who were defeated and slain by the Carthaginians under See also:

• HASDRUBAL

Hasdrubal See also:

• BARCA (mod. Merj)

Barca in 212 B.C . The See also:

• BATTLE

battle took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at Antiorgis, the modern Alcaniz in the province of See also:

• TERUEL

Teruel; there is no See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to believe that the bodies of the Scipios were conveyed to Tarragona for See also:

• BURIAL

burial, nor is the monument older than the 1st century A.D . As the Colonia Triumphalis, so called to commemorate the victories of See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, Tarraco was made the seat of one of the four See also:

• ASSIZE

assize courts (conventus juridici) established in Hispania Citerior . Augustus spent the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter of 26 B.C. here, and made Tarraco the capital of the whole province, which received the name of Hispania Tarraconensis . A See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple was built in his See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour . It was afterwards restored by See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian (A.D . 117-138), and the city became the Spanish headquarters of the See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of the goddess See also:

• ROMA

Roma and the deified emperors . Its See also:

• FLAX

flax See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade and other See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries made it one of the richest seaports of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire; See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

Martial and See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny celebrated its See also:

• CLIMATE

climate and its wines, and the fragmentary remains of temples, See also:

• BATHS

baths, amphitheatre and other Roman buildings See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness to its prosperity . It became an archbishopric in the 5th century . To the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans the Visigoths under Euric succeeded in 457, but on their See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion by the See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors in 711 the city was plundered and burned . It was long before the ruins were again inhabited, but by 1089, when the Moors were driven out by See also:

• RAYMOND, HENRY JARVIS (1820-1869)

Raymond IV. of Barcelona, there must have been a certain revival of prosperity, for the primacy, which had been removed to See also:

• VICH

Vich, was in that See also:

• YEAR

year restored to Tarragona .

In 1118 a See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of the See also:

• FIEF

fief was made to the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Burdet,who converted the town into a frontier fortress against the Moors . In 1705 the city was taken and burned by the British; in 1811, after being partly fortified, it was captured and sacked by the French .