TARTARIC See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

ACID (dihydroxy-succinic acid), C4H6O6  , or HO2C•CH(OH)•CH(OH)•See also:

• CO2H

CO2H . Four acids of this See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition are known, namely dextro- and laevo-tartaric acids, racemic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid and mesotartaric acid, the two last being optically inactive (see STEREO-See also:

• ISOMERISM

ISOMERISM) . Their constitution follows from their formation from dibromosuccinic acid and from their See also:

• SYNTHESIS (Gr. a6vOeacs, from avvrcBivac, to put together)

synthesis from glyoxal cyanhydrin, these two methods producing the inactive racemic See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form which may then be split into the active components . Dextro-tartaric acid occurs in the See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state or as the See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium or See also:

• CALCIUM [symbol Ca, atomic weight 40.0 (o= x6)]

calcium See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt in See also:

• GRAPE

grape juice and in various unripe fruits . During the alcoholic See also:

• FERMENTATION

fermentation of grape juice it is deposited in the form of an impure acid potassium tartrate which is known as See also:

• ARGOL

argol, and when purified as cream of See also:

• TARTAR

tartar . For the preparation of the acid the crude argol is boiled with hydrochloric acid and afterwards precipitated as calcium tartrate by boiling with See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk of See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime, the calcium salt being afterwards decomposed by sulphuric acid . It may also be obtained (together with racemic acid) by oxidizing milk See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, saccharic acid, &c., with nitric acid, and by the reduction of oxalic ester with See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium See also:

• AMALGAM

amalgam (H . Debus, See also:

• ANN

Ann., 1873, 166, p . Io9) . It crystallizes from See also:

• WATER

water in large prisms which melt at 168–170° C., and on further See also:

• HEATING

heating gives an anhydride and finally chars, emitting a characteristic odour and forming pyroracemic and pyrotartaric acids . It behaves as a reducing See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent . Chromic acid and potassium permanganate oxidize it to formic and carbonic acids, whilst See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen peroxide in the presence of ferrous salts gives dihydroxymaleic acid (H .

J . H . See also:

• FENTON
• FENTON, EDWARD (d. 1603)
• FENTON, ELIJAH (1683-1730)
• FENTON, LAVINIA (1708-1760)
• FENTON, SIR GEOFFREY (c. 1539-1608)

Fenton, Jour . Chem . See also:

• SOC

Soc., 1894, p . 899; 1895, pp . 48, 774; 1896, p . 546) . Hydriodic acid and See also:

• PHOSPHORUS (Gr. 4ws, light, sPEpety, to bear)

phosphorus reduce it to malic acid and finally to succinic acid . Calcium chloride gives a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white precipitate of calcium tartrate in neutral solutions, the precipitate being soluble in See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold solutions of See also:

• CAUSTIC (Gr. rcavvraubs, burning)

caustic potash but re-precipitated on boiling . It prevents the precipitation of many metallic hydroxides by caustic alkalis . It carbonizes when heated with strong sulphuric acid, giving, among other See also:

• PRO

pro-ducts, See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide .

A small crystal of oxalic acid added to concentrated sulphuric acid containing about I per cent. of See also:

• RESORCIN (meta-dioxybenzene), C5H4(OH)2i one of the dihydric phenols. It is obtained on fusing many resins (galbanum, asafoetida, &c.)

resorcin gives a characteristic See also:

• VIOLET

violet red' coloration . Laevo-tartaric acid is identical in its chemical and in most of its See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical properties with the dextro-acid, differing chiefly in its See also:

• ACTION

action on polarized See also:

• LIGHT

light, the See also:

• PLANE

plane of polarization being rotated to the See also:

• LEFT

left . By mixing equal quantities of the two forms in aqueous See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat is evolved and racemic acid, (C,H6O6)2.2H2O, is obtained . This variety is also formed by the See also:

• HYDROLYSIS (Gr. 6Swp, water, Anew, to loosen)

hydrolysis of glyoxal cyanhydrin (F . Pollak, Monats., 1894, 15, p . 469); by heating a solution of desoxalic acid; by the oxidation of fumaric acid with potassium permanganate; by the action of See also:

• SILVER

silver See also:

• OXIDE

oxide on dibromosuccinic acid, and by the oxidation of mannite, dulcite, See also:

• INULIN (C6H10O5)x, in chemistry, a starch-like carbohydrate, known also as alantin, menyanthin, dahlin, synanthrin and sinistrin. It occurs in many plants of the large genus Composilae, to which the elicampane (Lat. inula)

inulin, &c., with nitric acid . In the anhydrous state it melts at 205–206° C . Mesotartaric acid is formed when cinchonine tartrate is heated for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time at 170° C . (L . See also:

• PASTEUR, LOUIS (1822-1895)

Pasteur, Ann., 1853, 88, p . 212); by heating tartaric or racemic acid for some time with water to 165° C.; by the oxidation of laevulose; and by the oxidation of phenol or maleic acid with an alkaline solution of potassium permanganate (O . Doebner, Ber., 1891, 24, p .

1755; A . See also:

• KEKULE, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1829-1896)

Kekule and R . Anschutz, ibid., 1881, 14, p . 714) . It crystallizes in prisms, and in the anhydrous state melts at 140° C . On pro-longed boiling with aqueous hydrochloric acid it yields racemic acid . The sodium ammonium salt is not capable of decomposition into its See also:

• OPTICAL

optical See also:

• ANTIPODES (Gr. avri, opposed to, and 7r6 es, feet)

antipodes, as is sodium ammonium racemate . Tartaric acid as used in See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine is derived from potassium acid tartrate . Its impurities are See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead, oxalic acid, lime and potassium tartrate . It is incompatible with potassium, calcium, See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

mercury and See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable astringents . Tartaric acid is rarely used alone, but is contained in pilula quininae sulphatis and in Seidlitz See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder (see SODIUM), and is a constituent of many proprietary granular effervescent preparations . If taken in overdose or in a concentrated form tartaric acid produces severe gastro-See also:

• ENTERITIS (Gr. Evrepov, intestine)

enteritis .

In these cases lime-water, alkalis and See also:

• MAGNESIA

magnesia should be used as antidotes, and See also:

• OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

opium may be required .