See also:

• TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

TATARS (the See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form Tartars is less correct)  , a name given to nearly three million inhabitants of the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, chiefly Moslem and of See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish origin . The See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority—in See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia—are remnants of, the Mongol invasion of the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century (see See also:

• MONGOLS

MONGOLS), while those who inhabit See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia are survivals of the once much more numerous Turkish See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of the Ural-Altaic region, mixed to some extent with Finnish and Samoyedic stems, as also with Mongols . The name is derived from that of the Ta-ta Mongols, who in the 5th century inhabited the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-eastern See also:

• GOBI (for which alternative Chinese names are SHA-MO, " sand desert," and HAN-HAI, " dry sea ")

Gobi, and, after subjugation in the 9th century by the Khitans, migrated See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward, there See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding the Mongol empire under JENGIIIZ See also:

• KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

KHAN (q.v.) . Under the leadership of his See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson (See also:

• BATU

Batu) they moved westwards, See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving with them many stems of the Turkish Ural-Altaians towards the plains of Russia . The ethnographical features of the See also:

• PRESENT

present Tatar inhabitants of European Russia, as well as their See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, show that they contain no admixture (or very little) of Mongolian See also:

• BLOOD

blood, but belong to the Turkish See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Ural-Altaic stock, necessitating the conclusion that only Batu, his warriors, and a limited number of his followers were Mongols, while the See also:

• GREAT

great bulk of the 13th century invaders were See also:

• TURKS

Turks . On the See also:

• VOLGA (known to the Tatars as Etil, Jill or Atel; to the Finnish tribes as Rau, and to the ancients as Rha and Oarus)

Volga they mingled with remnants of the old Bulgarian empire, and elsewhere with Finnish stems, as well as with remnants of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian and See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek colonies in See also:

• CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)

Crimea and Caucasians in See also:

• CAUCASUS

Caucasus . The name of See also:

• TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars, or Tartars, given to the invaders, was afterwards ex-tended so as to include different stems of the same Turkish branch in Siberia, and even the bulk of the inhabitants of the high See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau of See also:

• ASIA

Asia and its N.W. slopes, described under the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general name of Tartary . This last name has almost disappeared from See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical literature, but the name Tatars, in the above limited sense, remains in full use . The present Tatar inhabitants of the Russian empire See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form three large See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups—those of European Russia and See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, those of Caucasus, and those of Siberia . The discrimination of the See also:

• SEPARATE

separate stems included under the name is still far from completion . The following subdivisions, however, may be regarded as established . (1) The Kazan Tatars, descendants of the Kipchaks settled on the Volga in the 13th century, where they mingled with survivors of the old Bulgarians and partly with Finnish stems .

They number about See also:

• HALF

half a million in the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of Kazan, about See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo,000 in each of the governments of See also:

• UFA

Ufa, See also:

• SAMARA

Samara and See also:

• SIMBIRSK

Simbirsk, and about aoo,00o in See also:

• VYATKA
• VYATKA, or VIATICA

Vyatka, See also:

• SARATOV

Saratov, See also:

• TAMBOV

Tambov, See also:

• PENZA

Penza, Nizhniy-See also:

• NOVGOROD
• NOVGOROD (formerly known as V elikiy-Novgorod, Great Novgorod)

Novgorod, See also:

• PERM

Perm and See also:

• ORENBURG

Orenburg; some 15,000 belonging to the same See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem havemigrated to See also:

• RYAZAN

Ryazan, or have been settled as prisoners in the 16th and 17th centuries in Lithuania (See also:

• VILNA, or WILN0
• VILNA, or WILNO

Vilna, See also:

• GRODNO

Grodno and See also:

• PODOLIA

Podolia) ; and there are some a000 in St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, where they pursue the callings of coachmen and waiters in restaurants . In Poland they constitute 1 per cent. of the population of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• PLOCK, or PLOTSK

Plock . The Kazan Tatars speak a pure Turkish See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect; they are See also:

• MIDDLE

middle-sized, broad-shouldered and strong, and mostly have See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black eyes, a straight See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose and salient cheek bones . They are Mahommedans; See also:

• POLYGAMY, (Gr. nabs, many, and yayos, marriage)

polygamy is practised only by the wealthier classes and is a waning institution, Excellent agriculturists and gardeners, very laborious, and having a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good reputation for honesty, they live on the best terms with their Russian See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant neighbours . The See also:

• BASHKIRS

Bashkirs who live between the See also:

• KAMA, or KAMADEVA

Kama, Ural and Volga are possibly of Finnish origin, but now speak a Tatar language and have become Mahommedans . (2) The See also:

• ASTRAKHAN

Astrakhan Tatars (about so,000) are, with the Mongol Kalmucks, all that now remains of the once so powerful Astrakhan empire . They also are agriculturists and gardeners; while some 12,000 Kundrovsk Tatars still continue the nomadic See also:

• LIFE

life of their ancestors . (3) The See also:

• CRIMEAN

Crimean Tatars, who occupied the Crimea in the 13th century, have preserved the name of their See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader, Nogai . During the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries they constituted a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich empire, which prospered until it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell under Turkish See also:

• RULE

rule, when it had to suffer much from the See also:

• WARS

wars fought between See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey and Russia for the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula . The See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of 1853 and the See also:

• LAWS

laws of 1860–63 and 1874 caused an See also:

• EXODUS, BOOK OF
• EXODUS, THE

exodus of the Crimean Tatars; they abandoned their admirably irrigated See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields and gardens and moved to Turkey, so that now their number falls below 100,000 . Those of the south See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast; mixed with Greeks and Italians, are well known for their skill in gardening, their honesty and their laborious habits, as well as for their See also:

• FINE

fine features, presenting the Tatar type at it- best . The See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain Tatars closely resemble those of Caucasus, while those of the See also:

• STEPPES

steppes—the Nogais—are decidedly of a mixed origin from Turks and Mongols .

The Tatars of See also:

• CAUCASIA
• CAUCASIA, or CAUCASUS

Caucasia, who inhabit the upper See also:

• KUBAN

Kuban, the steppes of the See also:

• LOWER

lower Kuma and the Kura, and the See also:

• ARAS

Aras, number about 1,350,000 . Of these (4) the Nogais on the Kuma show traces of an intimate mixture with Kalmucks . They are nomads, supporting themselves by See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle-breeding and fishing; few are agriculturists . (5) The Karachais (18,500) in the upper valleys about See also:

• ELBURZ, or ALBURZ (from O. Pers. Hara-bere-zaili, the " High Mountain ")

Elburz live by agriculturg . (6) The mountain Tatars (about 850,000), divided into many tribes and of an origin still undetermined, are scattered throughout the provinces of See also:

• BAKU

Baku, See also:

• ERIVAN
• ERIVAN, or I1

Erivan, See also:

• TIFLIS

Tiflis, See also:

• KUTAIS

Kutais, See also:

• DAGHESTAN

Daghestan, and partly also of See also:

• BATUM

Batum . They are certainly of a mixed origin, and present a variety of ethnological types, all the more so as all who are neither Armenians nor Russians, nor belong to any distinct Caucasian tribe, are often called Tatars, As a rule they are well built and little behind their Caucasian brethren . They are celebrated for their excellence as gardeners, agriculturists, cattle-tenders and artisans . Although most fervent Shi'ites, they are on very good terms both with their Sunnite and with their Russian neighbours . Polygamy is rare with them, and their See also:

• WOMEN

women go to See also:

• WORK

work unveiled . The Siberian Tatars are estimated (1895) at 80,000 of See also:

• TURKI

Turki stock and about 40,000 of mixed Finnic stock . They occupy three distinct regions—a See also:

• STRIP

strip See also:

• RUNNING

running See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west to See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east from See also:

• TOBOLSK

Tobolsk to See also:

• TOMSK

Tomsk, the See also:

• ALTAI (in Mongolian Altain-ula, the " Mountains of Gold ")

Altai and its spurs, and South See also:

• YENISEISK

Yeniseisk . They originated in the agglomerations of Turkish stems which in the region north of the Altai reached some degree of culture between the 4th and the 8th centuries, but were subdued and enslaved by the Mongols .

They are difficult to classify, for they are the result of somewhat See also:

• RECENT

recent minglings of races and customs, and they are all more or less in See also:

• PROCESS

process of being assimilated by the Russians, but the following subdivisions may be accepted provisionally . (7) The Baraba Tatars, who take their name from one of their stems (Barama), number about 5o,000 in the government of Tobolsk and about 5000 in Tomsk . After a strenuous resistance to Russian See also:

• CON

con-quest, and much suffering at a later See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period from See also:

• KIRGHIZ

Kirghiz and See also:

• KALMUCK, or KALMYK STEPPE

Kalmuck raids, they now live by See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, either in separate villages or along with Russians . (8) The Cholym or Chulym Tatars on the Cholym and both the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers Yus speak a Turkish language with many Mongol and See also:

• YAKUT, or YAKUT (Yaqut ibn 'Abdallah ur-Rumi) (1179-1229)

Yakut words, and are more like Mongols than Turks . In last century they paid a See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute for 255o arbaletes, but they now are rapidly becoming fused with Russians . (9) The Abakan Ge See also:

• MINUSINSK

Minusinsk Tatars occupied the steppes on the Abakan and Yus in she 17th century, after the withdrawal of the Kirghizes, and represent a mixture with Kaibals (whom Castr6n considers as partly of Ostiak and partly Samoyedic origin) and Beltirs—also of Finnish origin . Their language is also mixed . They are known under the name of Sagais, who numbered 11,720 in 1864, and are the purer Turkish stem of the Minusinsk Tatars, Kaibals, and Kizil or Red Tatars . Formerly Shamanists, they now are, nominally at least, adherents of the Greek Orthodox See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, and support themselves mostly by cattle-breeding . Agriculture is spreading but slowly among them; they still prefer to See also:

• PLUNDER

plunder the stores of bulbs of Lilium Martagon, See also:

• PAEONIA

Paeonia, and Erythronium See also:

• DENS, PETER (1690-1775)

Dens canis laid up by the See also:

• STEPPE (from the Russ. stepi, a waste)

steppe See also:

• MOUSE

mouse (See also:

• MUS

Mus socialis) . The Soyotes, or Soyons, of the Sayan mountains (estimated at 8000), who are Finns mixed with Turks the Uryankhes of north-west See also:

• MONGOLIA

Mongolia, who are of Turkish origin but follow See also:

• BUDDHISM

Buddhism, and the Karagasses, also of Turkish origin and much like the Kirghizes, but reduced now to a few hundreds, are akin to the above . (io) The Tatars of the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern slopes of the Altai (nearly 20,000 in number) are of Finnish origin .

They comprise some hundreds of Kumandintses, the Lebed Tatars, the Chernevyie or Black-See also:

• FOREST

Forest Tatars and the Shors (ii,000), descendants of the See also:

• KUZNETSK

Kuznetsk or See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

Iron-See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith Tatars . They are chiefly hunters, passionately loving their taiga, or See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild forests, and have maintained their Shaman See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion and tribal organization into suoks . They live partly also on See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar-nuts and See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey collected in the forests . Their See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress is that of their former rulers, the Kalmucks, and their language contains many Mongol words . (ii) The Altai Tatars, or ' Altaians," comprise—(a) the Mountain Kalmucks (12,000), to whom this name has been given by See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake, and who have nothing in See also:

• COMMON

common with the Kalmucks except their dress and mode of life, while they speak a Turkish dialect, and (b) the Teleutes, or Telenghites (5800), a See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of a formerly numerous and warlike nation who have migrated from the mountains to the lowlands, where they now live along with Russian peasants . Although See also:

• TURKESTAN
• TURKESTAN, or HAZRET

Turkestan and Central Asia were formerly known as See also:

• INDEPENDENT

Independent Tartary, it is not now usual to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call the Sarts, Kirghiz and other inhabitants of those countries Tatars, nor is the name usually given to the Yakuts of Eastern Siberia . It is evident from the above that the name Tatars was originally applied to both the Turkish and Mongol stems which invaded See also:

• EUROPE

Europe six centuries ago, and gradually extended to the Turkish stems mixed with Mongol or Finnish blood in Siberia . It is used at present in two senses: (a) Quite loosely to designate any of the Ural-Altaic tribes, except perhaps Osmanlis, Finns and See also:

• MAGYARS

Magyars, to whom it is not generally applied . Thus some writers talk of the Manchu Tatars . (b) In a more restricted sense to 'designate See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan Turkish-speaking tribes, especially in Russia, who never formed See also:

• PART

part of the Seljuk or See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman Empire, but made independent settlements and remained more or less cut off from the politics and See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization of the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the Mahommedan See also:

• WORLD

world . Picturesque Russia " (Zhivopisnaya Rossiya); Semenov's and Potanin's " Supplements " to See also:

• RITTER, HEINRICH (1791-1869)
• RITTER, KARL (1779–1859)

Ritter's Asien; Harkavi's See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report to the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress at Kazan; Hartakhai's " Mist. of Crimean Tatars," in Vyestnik Evropy, 1866 and 1867; " Katchinsk Tatars," in Izvestia Russ . Geogr .

See also:

• SOC

Soc., xx., 1884 . Various scattered articles on Tatars will be found in the Revue orientate pour See also:

• LES

les Etudes Oural-Altaiques, and in the publications of the university of Kazan . See also E . H . See also:

• PARKER, JOHN HENRY (1806-1884)
• PARKER, JOSEPH (183o-1902)
• PARKER, MARTIN (c. 1600-c. 1656)
• PARKER, MATTHEW (1504-1575)
• PARKER, SAMUEL (164o-1688)
• PARKER, SIR GILBERT (1862— )
• PARKER, SIR HYDE, BART
• PARKER, THEODORE (1810-186o)

Parker, A Thousand Years of the Tartars, 1895 (chiefly a See also:

• SUMMARY

summary of See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese accounts of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Turkish and Tatar tribes), and Skrine and See also:

• ROSS
• ROSS, ALEXANDER (1699-1784)
• ROSS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1841- )
• ROSS, JOHN, or KOOESKOOWE (179o-1866)
• ROSS, ROBERT (1766-1814)
• ROSS, SIR HEW DALRYMPLE (1779-1868)
• ROSS, SIR JAMES CLARK (1800-1862)
• ROSS, SIR JOHN (1777-1856)

Ross, See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

Heart of Asia (1899) . (P . A . K . ; C .