See also:

• JEAN

JEAN See also:

• BAPTISTE

BAPTISTE See also:

• JEAN BAPTISTE TAVERNIER (1605-1689)

TAVERNIER (1605-1689)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French traveller and See also:

• PIONEER

pioneer of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade with See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 1605 at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where his See also:

• FATHER

father See also:

• GABRIEL (Heb. SKns, man of God)

Gabriel and See also:

• UNCLE

uncle Melchior, Protestants from See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp, pursued the profession of geographers and engravers . The conversations he heard in his father's See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house inspired See also:

• TAVERNIER, JEAN BAPTISTE (1605-1689)

Tavernier with an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• DESIRE

desire to travel, and in his sixteenth See also:

• YEAR

year he had already visited See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Countries and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, and seen something of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with the imperialist See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel Hans See also:

• BRENNER

Brenner, whom he met at See also:

• NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg)

Nuremberg . Four and a See also:

• HALF

half years in the See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household of Brenner's uncle, the See also:

• VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy of See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary (1624-29), and a briefer. connexion in 1629 with the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• RETHEL
• RETHEL, ALFRED (1816–1859)

Rethel and his father the duke of See also:

• NEVERS

Nevers, See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• MANTUA (Ital. Mantova)

Mantua, gave him the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of courts, which was invaluable to him in later years; and at the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of Mantua in 1629, and in Germany in the following year with Colonel See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter See also:

• BUTLER
• BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
• BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
• BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
• BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
• BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
• BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
• BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
• BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
• BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
• BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)

Butler (afterwards notorious through the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• WALLENSTEIN (properly WALDSTEIN), ALBRECHT WENZEL EUSEBIUS VON

Wallenstein), he gained some military experience . When he See also:

• LEFT

left Butler to view the See also:

• DIET

diet of Ratisbon in 1630, he had seen See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, Germany, See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland and Hungary, as well as See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, England and the Low Countries, and spoke the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages of these countries . He was now eager to visit the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East; and at Ratisbon he found the opportunity to join two French fathers, M. de Chapes and M. de St Liebau, who had received a See also:

• MISSION

mission to the See also:

• LEVANT

Levant . In their See also:

• COMPANY

company he reached See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople early in 1631, where he spent eleven months, and then proceeded by See also:

• TOKAT (Armenian Evtoghia, anc. Dazimon)

Tokat, See also:

• ERZERUM, or ARZRUM (Arm. Garin)

Erzerum and See also:

• ERIVAN
• ERIVAN, or I1

Erivan to See also:

• PERSIA

Persia . His farthest point in this first See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey was Ispahan; he returned by See also:

• BAGDAD, or BAGHDAD

Bagdad, See also:

• ALEPPO (native Haleb)

Aleppo, See also:

• ALEXANDRETTA, or ISKANDERUN (med. Scanderoon)

Alexandretta, See also:

• MALTA
• MALTA (or MEDITERRANEAN) FEVER

Malta and Italy, and was again in Paris in 1633 . Of the next five years of his See also:

• LIFE

life nothing is known with certainty, but it was probably during this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period that he became controller of the household of the duke of See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans . In See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1638 he began a second journey (1638-43) by Aleppo to Persia, and thence to India as far as See also:

• AGRA

Agra and See also:

• GOLCONDA

Golconda . His visit to the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of the See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• MOGUL, MOCHAL, or MIGHAL

Mogul and to the See also:

• DIAMOND

diamond mines was connected with the plans realized more fully in his later voyages, in which Tavernier travelled as a See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant of the highest See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, trading in costly jewels and other See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious wares, and finding his See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief customers among the greatest princes of the East . The second journey was followed by four others . In his third (1643-49) he went as far as See also:

• JAVA

Java, and returned by the Cape; but his relations with the Dutch proved not wholly satisfactory, and a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long lawsuit on his return yielded but imperfect redress .

In his last three journeys (1651-55, 1657-62, 1664-68) he did not proceed beyond India . The details of these voyages are often obscure; but they completed an extraordinary knowledge of the routes of overland Eastern trade, and brought the now famous merchant into See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close and friendly communication with the greatest See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental potentates . They also secured for him a large See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune and great reputation at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home . He was presented to See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV., " in whose service he had travelled sixty thousand leagues by See also:

• LAND

land," received letters of See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility (on the 16th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1669), and in the following year See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased the See also:

• BARONY

barony of Aubonne, near See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva . In 1662 he had married Madeleine Goisse, daughter of a Parisian jeweller . Thus settled in ease and affluence, Tavernier occupied him-self, as it would seem at the desire of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, in See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing the See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his journeys . He had neither the equipment nor the tastes of a scientific traveller, but in all that referred to See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce his knowledge was vast and could not fail to be of much public service . He set to See also:

• WORK

work therefore with the aid of See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel Chappuzeau, a French See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant litterateur, and produced a Nouvelle Relation de l'Interieur du Serail du See also:

• GRAND

Grand Seigneur (4to, Paris, 1675), based on two visits to Constantinople in his first and See also:

• SIXTH

sixth journeys . This was followed by Le Six Voyages de J . B . Tavernier (2 vols . 4to, Paris, 1676) and by a supplementary Recueil de Plusieurs Relations (4to, Paris, 1679), in which he was assisted by a certain La Chapelle .

This last contains an account of See also:

• JAPAN

Japan, gathered from merchants and others, and one of See also:

• TONGKING

Tongking, derived from the observations of his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel, who had shared his second voyage and settled at See also:

• BATAVIA

Batavia; it contained also a violent attack on the agents of the Dutch East India Company, at whose hands Tavernier had suffered more than one wrong . This attack was elaborately answered in Dutch by H. See also:

• VAN

van Quellenburgh (Vindicix Batavicce, Amst., 1684), but made more See also:

• NOISE (a word of doubtful origin; O. Fr. nogse or nose; Prov. nausa, which points to Lat. nausea, sickness, as the origin; others take Lat. noxia, harm, as the source)

noise because See also:

• ARNAULD

Arnauld See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew from it some material unfavourable to Protestantism for his Apologie pour See also:

• LES

les Catholiques (1681), and so brought on the traveller a ferocious onslaught in See also:

• JURIEU, PIERRE (1637-1713)

Jurieu's Esprit de M . Arnauld (1684) . Tavernier made no reply to, Jurieu; he was in fact engaged in weightier matters, for in 1684 he travelled to See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin at the invitation of the Great Elector, who commissioned him to organize an Eastern trading company—a project never realized . The closing years of Tavernier's life are obscure; the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time was not favourable for a Protestant, and it has even been supposed that he passed some time in the See also:

• BASTILLE (from Fr. bastir, now bdtir, to build)

Bastille . What is certain is that he left Paris for Switzerland in 1687, that in 1689 he passed through See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen on his way to Persia through Muscovy, and that in the same year he died at See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow . It appears that he had still business relations in the East, and that the neglect of these by his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew, to whom they were intrusted, had determined the indefatigable old See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man to a fresh journey . Tavernier's travels, though often reprinted and translated, have two defects: the author uses other men's material without distinguishing it from his own observations; and the narrative is much confused by his See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of often deserting the See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order and giving instead notes from various journeys about certain routes . The latter defect, it is true, while it embarrasses the biographer, is hardly a blemish in view of the See also:

• OBJECT

object of the writer, who sought mainly to furnish a See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide to other merchants . A careful See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to disentangle the See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread of a life still in many parts obscure has been made by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Joret, See also:

• JEAN

Jean See also:

• BAPTISTE

Baptiste Tavernier d'aprls See also:

• DES

des Documents Nouveaux, 8vo, Paris, 1886, where the literature of the subject is fully given See also an See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of Tavernier's account of his travels so far as See also:

• RELATING

relating to India, by V . See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

Ball, 2 vols . (1889) .