See also:JEAN See also:BAPTISTE See also:TAVERNIER (1605-1689)
, See also:French traveller and See also:pioneer of See also:trade with See also:India, was See also:born in 1605 at See also:Paris, where his See also:father See also:Gabriel and See also:uncle Melchior, Protestants from See also:Antwerp, pursued the profession of geographers and engravers
.
The conversations he heard in his father's
See also:house inspired See also:Tavernier with an See also:early See also:desire to travel, and in his sixteenth See also:year he had already visited See also:England, the See also:Low Countries and See also:Germany, and seen something of See also:war with the imperialist See also:Colonel Hans See also:Brenner, whom he met at See also:Nuremberg
.
Four and a See also:half years in the See also:household of Brenner's uncle, the See also:viceroy of See also:Hungary (1624-29), and a briefer. connexion in 1629 with the See also:duke of See also:Rethel and his father the duke of See also:Nevers, See also:prince of See also:Mantua, gave him the See also:habit of courts, which was invaluable to him in later years; and at the See also:defence of Mantua in 1629, and in Germany in the following year with Colonel See also:Walter See also:- BUTLER
- BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
- BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
- BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
- BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
- BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
- BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
- BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
- BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
- BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
- BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
- BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
- BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)
Butler (afterwards notorious through the See also:death of See also:Wallenstein), he gained some military experience
.
When he See also:left Butler to view the See also:diet of Ratisbon in 1630, he had seen See also:Italy, See also:Switzerland, Germany, See also:Poland and Hungary, as well as See also:France, England and the Low Countries, and spoke the See also:principal See also:languages of these countries
.
He was now eager to visit the See also:East; and at Ratisbon he found the opportunity to join two French fathers, M. de Chapes and M. de St Liebau, who had received a See also:mission to the See also:Levant
.
In their See also:company he reached See also:Constantinople early in 1631, where he spent eleven months, and then proceeded by See also:Tokat, See also:Erzerum and See also:Erivan to See also:Persia
.
His farthest point in this first See also:journey was Ispahan; he returned by See also:Bagdad, See also:Aleppo, See also:Alexandretta, See also:Malta and Italy, and was again in Paris in 1633
.
Of the next five years of his See also:life nothing is known with certainty, but it was probably during this See also:period that he became controller of the household of the duke of See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans
.
In See also:September 1638 he began a second journey (1638-43) by Aleppo to Persia, and thence to India as far as See also:Agra and See also:Golconda
.
His visit to the See also:court of the See also:Great See also:Mogul and to the See also:diamond mines was connected with the plans realized more fully in his later voyages, in which Tavernier travelled as a See also:merchant of the highest See also:rank, trading in costly jewels and other See also:precious wares, and finding his See also:chief customers among the greatest princes of the East
.
The second journey was followed by four others
.
In his third (1643-49) he went as far as See also:Java, and returned by the Cape; but his relations with the Dutch proved not wholly satisfactory, and a See also:long lawsuit on his return yielded but imperfect redress
.
In his last three journeys (1651-55, 1657-62, 1664-68) he did not proceed beyond India
.
The details of these voyages are often obscure; but they completed an extraordinary knowledge of the routes of overland Eastern trade, and brought the now famous merchant into See also:close and friendly communication with the greatest See also:Oriental potentates
.
They also secured for him a large See also:fortune and great reputation at See also:home
.
He was presented to See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XIV., " in whose service he had travelled sixty thousand leagues by See also:land," received letters of See also:nobility (on the 16th of See also:February 1669), and in the following year See also:purchased the See also:barony of Aubonne, near See also:Geneva
.
In 1662 he had married Madeleine Goisse, daughter of a Parisian jeweller
.
Thus settled in ease and affluence, Tavernier occupied him-self, as it would seem at the desire of the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king, in See also:publishing the See also:account of his journeys
.
He had neither the equipment nor the tastes of a scientific traveller, but in all that referred to See also:commerce his knowledge was vast and could not fail to be of much public service
.
He set to See also:work therefore with the aid of See also:Samuel Chappuzeau, a French See also:Protestant litterateur, and produced a Nouvelle Relation de l'Interieur du Serail du See also:Grand Seigneur (4to, Paris, 1675), based on two visits to Constantinople in his first and See also:sixth journeys
.
This was followed by Le Six Voyages de J
.
B
.
Tavernier (2 vols
.
4to, Paris, 1676) and by a supplementary Recueil de Plusieurs Relations (4to, Paris, 1679), in which he was assisted by a certain La Chapelle
.
This last contains an account of See also:Japan, gathered from merchants and others, and one of See also:Tongking, derived from the observations of his See also:brother See also:Daniel, who had shared his second voyage and settled at See also:Batavia; it contained also a violent attack on the agents of the Dutch East India Company, at whose hands Tavernier had suffered more than one wrong
.
This attack was elaborately answered in Dutch by H. See also:van Quellenburgh (Vindicix Batavicce, Amst., 1684), but made more See also:noise because See also:Arnauld See also:drew from it some material unfavourable to
Protestantism for his Apologie pour See also:les Catholiques (1681), and so brought on the traveller a ferocious onslaught in See also:Jurieu's Esprit de M
.
Arnauld (1684)
.
Tavernier made no reply to, Jurieu; he was in fact engaged in weightier matters, for in 1684 he travelled to See also:Berlin at the invitation of the Great Elector, who commissioned him to organize an Eastern trading company—a project never realized
.
The closing years of Tavernier's life are obscure; the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time was not favourable for a Protestant, and it has even been supposed that he passed some time in the See also:Bastille
.
What is certain is that he left Paris for Switzerland in 1687, that in 1689 he passed through See also:Copenhagen on his way to Persia through Muscovy, and that in the same year he died at See also:Moscow
.
It appears that he had still business relations in the East, and that the neglect of these by his See also:nephew, to whom they were
intrusted, had determined the indefatigable old See also:man to a fresh journey
.
Tavernier's travels, though often reprinted and translated, have two defects: the author uses other men's material without distinguishing it from his own observations; and the narrative is much confused by his See also:plan of often deserting the See also:chronological See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order and giving instead notes from various journeys about certain routes
.
The latter defect, it is true, while it embarrasses the biographer, is hardly a blemish in view of the See also:object of the writer, who sought mainly to furnish a See also:guide to other merchants
.
A careful See also:attempt to disentangle the See also:- THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)
thread of a life still in many parts obscure has been made by See also:Charles Joret, See also:Jean See also:Baptiste Tavernier d'aprls See also:des Documents Nouveaux, 8vo, Paris, 1886, where the literature of the subject is fully given
See also an See also:English See also:translation of Tavernier's account of his travels so far as See also:relating to India, by V
.
See also:Ball, 2 vols
.
(1889)
.
End of Article: