See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

TEA (See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese cha, See also:

• AMOY

Amoy See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect t€)  , the name given to the leaves of the See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea See also:

• BUSH

bush (see below) prepared by decoction as a beverage . The See also:

• TERM

term is by See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy also used for an infusion or decoction of other leaves, e g. camomile tea; and similarly for the afternoon See also:

• MEAL

meal at which tea is served . See also:

• HISTORICAL

Historical.—The See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• HISTORY

history of tea as a beverage is mainly traditional . The lack of accurate knowledge regarding the past of the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire may possibly some See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day be supplied, as See also:

• EUROPEAN

European scholars become more able to explore the unstudied stores in the See also:

• GREAT

great Chinese See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries, or as Chinese students ran-See also:

• SACK

sack the records of their See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country for the facts of earlier periods . It may then be learnt who made the first See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup of tea, who planted the earliest bushes, and how the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive methods of manufacture were evolved . In the meantime knowledge on the subject is mingled with much that is obviously mythical and with gleanings from the casual references of travellers and authors . According to Chinese See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend, the virtues of tea were discovered by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

Emperor Chinnung, 2737 B.C., to whom all agricultural and medicinal knowledge is traced . It is doubt-fully referred to in the See also:

• BOOK

book of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient poems edited by See also:

• CONFUCIUS [K'ung tsze] (550 or 551-478 B.C.)

Confucius, all of which are previous in date to 550 B.C . A tradition exists in See also:

• CHINA

China that a knowledge of tea travelled eastward to and in China, having been introduced 543 A.D. by Bodhidharma, an ascetic who came from See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India on a missionary expedition, but that legend is also mixed with supernatural details . But it is quite certain, from the historical narrative of Lo Yu, who lived in the Tang See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty (618-906 A.D.), that tea was already used as a beverage in the 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and that during the 8th century its use had become so See also:

• COMMON

common that a tax was levied on its See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption in the 14th See also:

• YEAR

year of Tih Tsung (793) . The use of tea in China in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 9th century is known from Arab See also:

• SOURCES

sources (See also:

• REINAUD, JOSEPH TOUSSAINT (1795-1867)

Reinaud, Relation See also:

• DES

des Voyages, 1845, p . 40) .

From China a knowledge of tea was carried into See also:

• JAPAN

Japan, and there the cultivation was established during the 9th century . See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

Seed was brought from China by the See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest Miyoye, and planted first in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island, Kiushiu, whence the cultivation spread northwards till it reached the high limit of 390 N . It is somewhat curious that although many of the products of China were known and used in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe at much earlier times, no reference to tea has yet been traced in European literature See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to 1588 . No mention of it is made by Marco See also:

• POLO (Tibetan pulu, ball)
• POLO, GASPAR GIL (?153o-1591)
• POLO, MARCO (c. 1254-1324)

Polo, and no knowledge of the substance appears to have reached Europe till after the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of intercourse between See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal and China in 1517 . The Portuguese, however, did little to-wards the introduction of it into Europe, and it was not till the Dutch established themselves at See also:

• BANTAM

Bantam early in the 17th century that these adventurers learned from the Chinese the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of tea drinking and brought it into Europe . The earliest mention of tea by an Englishman is probably that contained in a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter from Mr Wickham, an See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East India See also:

• COMPANY

Company, written from Firando in Japan, on the 27th See also:

• JUNE

June 1615, to Mr See also:

• EATON, DORMAN BRIDGMAN (1823-1899)
• EATON, MARGARET
• EATON, THEOPHILUS (c. 15go-1658)
• EATON, WILLIAM (1764-1811)
• EATON, WYATT (1849-1896)

Eaton, another officer of the company, See also:

• RESIDENT

resident at See also:

• MACAO (A-Ma-ngao, " Harbour of the goddess A-Ma "; Port. Macau)

Macao, and asking for " a pot of the best sort of chaw." How the See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission was executed does not appear, but in Mr Eaton's subsequent accounts of See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure occurs this See also:

• ITEM (a Latin adverb meaning " also," " likewise ")

item—" three See also:

• SILVER

silver porringers to drink chaw in." It was not till the middle of the century that the See also:

• ENGLISH

English began to use tea, and they also received their supplies from See also:

• JAVA

Java till in 1686 they were driven out of the island by the Dutch . At first the See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price of tea in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England ranged from £6 to £ro per lb . In the Mercurius Politicus, No . 435, of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1658, the following See also:

• ADVERTISEMENT, or ADVERTISING (Fr. avertissement, warning, or notice)

advertisement occurs:— " That excellent and by all Physitians approved China Drink called by the Chineans Tcha, by other nations See also:

• TAY
• TAY, LOCH

Tay, See also:

• ALIAS (Lat. for " at another time ")

alias Tee, is sold at the Sultaness See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

Head, a cophee-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house in Sweetings Rents, by the Royal See also:

• EXCHANGE

Exchange, See also:

• LONDON

London." See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Garway, the first English tea dealer, and founder of the well-known See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee-house, " Garraway's," in a curious broadsheet, An Exact Description of the Growth, Quality and Virtues of the See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

Leaf Tea, issued in 1659 or r66o, writes, " in respect of its scarceness and dearness, it hath been only used as a See also:

• REGALIA (Lat. regalis, royal, from rex, king)

regalia in high treatments and entertainulents, and presentsmade thereof to princes and grandees." In that year he See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased a quantity of the rare and much-prized commodity, and offered it to the public, in the leaf, at fixed prices varying from r5s_ to 5os. the lb, according to quality, and also in the in. See also:

• FUSION

fusion, "made according to the directions of the most knowing merchants and travellers into those eastern countries." In r66o an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of the first See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament of the Restoration imposed a tax on " every See also:

• GALLON

gallon of See also:

• CHOCOLATE

chocolate, See also:

• SHERBET (the Turkish form of the Arabic sharbat, drink, shariba, he drank, cf. " shrub," an English derivative)

sherbet and tea, made and sold, to be paid by the maker thereof, eightpence " (12 See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

Car . II . C . 23) .

See also:

• PEPYS, SAMUEL (1633-1703)

Pepys's often-quoted mention of the fact that on the 25th September 166o, " I did send for a cup of tee, a China drink, of which I never had drunk before," proves the novelty of tea in England at that date . In 1664 we find that the East India Company presented the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king with 2 lb and 2 OZ. of " thea," which cost 4os. per lb, and two years afterwards with another See also:

• PARCEL (Fr. parcelle, Ital. particella, Lat. particela, diminutive of pars, part)

parcel containing 224 lb, for which the See also:

• DIRECTORS

directors paid 5os per lb . Both parcels appear to have been purchased on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

Continent . Not until 1677 is the Company recorded to have taken any steps for the importation of tea . The See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order then given to their agents was for " teas of the best See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind to the amount of roo dollars." But their instructions were considerably exceeded, for the quantity imported in 1678 was 4713 1b, a quantity which seems to have glutted the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market for several years . The See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals of the Company See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record that, in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1684, the directors wrote thus to See also:

• MADRAS

Madras:— " In regard thea is grown to be a commodity here, and we have occasion to make presents therein to our great See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, we would have you to send us yearly five or six canisters of the very best and freshest thea." Until the Revolution no See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty was laid on tea other than that levied on the infusion as sold in the coffee-houses . By 1 See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William and See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, c . 6, a duty of 5s. per lb and 5 per cent. on the value was imposed . For several years the quantities imported were very small, and consisted exclusively of the finer sorts . The first See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase in China was made at See also:

• AMOY

Amoy, the teas previously obtained by the Company's factors having been purchased in Madras and See also:

• SURAT

Surat, whither it was brought by Chinese junks after the See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of the See also:

• BRITISH

British from Java . During the closing years of the century the amount brought over seems to have been, on the See also:

• AVERAGE

average, about 20,000 lb a year . The instructions of 1700 directed the supercargoes to send See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home 300 tubs of the finer See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green teas and 8o tubs of See also:

• BOHEA (a word derived from the Wu-i hills in the Fuhkien province of China, b being substituted for W or V)

bohea .

In 1703 orders were given for " 75,000 lb Singlo (green), ro,000 lb imperial, and 20,000 lb bohea." The average price of tea at this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period was 16s. per lb . As the 18th century progressed the use of tea in England rapidly increased, and by the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the century the See also:

• RATE

rate of consumption exceeded an average of 2 lb per See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person per annum, a rate in excess of that of to-day of all See also:

• PEOPLE

people except those of Mongol and Anglo-Saxon origin . The business being a mono-poly of the East-India Company, and a very profitable one, the company at an early See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of its development endeavoured to ascertain whether tea could not be grown within its own dominions . Difficulties with China doubtless showed the advisability of having an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent source of See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply . In 1788 See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

Banks, at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of the directors, See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up a memoir on the cultivation of economic See also:

• PLANTS

plants in See also:

• BENGAL
• BENGAL, BAY OF

Bengal, in which he gave See also:

• SPECIAL

special prominence to tea, pointing out the regions most favourable for its cultivation . About the year 182o Mr See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott, the first See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner of See also:

• ASSAM

Assam, sent to See also:

• CALCUTTA

Calcutta from Kuch See also:

• BEHAR, or BIHAR

Behar and See also:

• RANGPUR, or RUNGPORE

Rangpur--the very districts indicated by Sir Joseph Banks as favourable for tea-growing —certain leaves, with a statement that they were said to belong to the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild ,tea-plant . The leaves were submitted to Dr Wallich, See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government botanist at Calcutta, who pronounced them to belong to a See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• CAMELLIA

Camellia, and no result followed on Mr Scott's communication . These very leaves ultimately came into the See also:

• HERBARIUM, or HORTUS

herbarium of the Linnean Society of London, and have authoritatively been pronounced to belong to the indigenous Assam tea-plant . Dr Wallich's attribution of this and other specimens subsequently sent in to the genus Camellia, although scientifically defensible, _ unfortunately diverted See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention from the significance of the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery . It was not till 1834 that, overcome by the insistence of See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• JENKINS, ROBERT (fl. 1731-1745)
• JENKINS, SIR LEOLINE (1623-1685)

Jenkins, who maintained and proved that, called by the name Camellia or not, the leaves belonged to a tea-plant, Dr Wallich admitted " the fact of the genuine tea-plant being a native of our territories in Upper Assam as incontrovertibly proved." In the meantime a See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee had been formed by See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord William See also:

• BENTINCK, LORD WILLIAM (1774-1839)
• BENTINCK, LORD WILLIAM GEORGE FREDERICK CAVENDISH

Bentinck, the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, for the introduction of tea culture into India, and an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official had already been sent to the tea districts of China to procure seed and skilled Chinese workmen to conduct operations in the Himalayan regions . The discovery and reports of Captain Jenkins led to the investigation of the capacities of Assam as a tea-growing country by Lord William Bentinck's committee . See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

Evidence of the abundant existence of the indigenous tea-See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree was obtained; and the directors of the East India Company resolved to See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute an experimental establishment in Assam for cultivating and manufacturing tea, leaving the See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry to be See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed by private enterprise should its practicability be demonstrated .

In 1834 the See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly of the East India Company was abolished and an era of rapid progress in the new industry began . In 1836 there was sent to London 1 lb of tea made from indigenous leaves; in 1837 5' lb of Assam tea were sent; in 1838 the quantity sent was 12 small boxes, and 95 boxes reached London in 1839 . In 1840 there were grown, and offered at public See also:

• AUCTION

auction in Calcutta early the following year, 35 packages, chiefly green teas, stated to have been manufactured by a See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the Singpho tribe aided by the government establishment . In the same auction See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

catalogue were included 95 packages, " the produce of the Government Tea See also:

• PLANTATION (Lat. plantare, to plant)

Plantation in Assam," many of which See also:

• BORE

bore the Chubwa See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark, one well known to this day . This auction is most interesting as being the first of British-grown tea, and it included about 6000 lb . It is of See also:

• INTEREST

interest also for the reference to the Singpho tribe, who are even now in small See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers in the same See also:

• DISTRICT

district, where they still produce in a primitive manner tea plucked from the indigenous trees growing in their jungles . In See also:

• JANUARY

January 1840 the Assam Company was formed to take over the early tea See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden of the East India Company, and this, the premier company, is still in existence, having produced up to 1907 no less than 117,000,000 lb of tea and paid in dividends £1,360,000 or 730 per cent. on See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . It 'is no longer the first company in extent of yield, as the Consolidated Tea and Lands Company produced in 1907 about 15,000,000 lb of tea, besides other products . The introduction of Chinese seed and Chinese methods was a See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake, and there seems little See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to doubt that, in clearing See also:

• JUNGLE (Sans. jangala)

jungle for tea planting, See also:

• FINE

fine indigenous tea was frequently destroyed unwittingly in order to plant the inferior China variety . The period of unlearning the Chinese methods, and replacing the Chinese plants, had to be lived through . Vicissitudes of over-See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production and inflation came to interfere with an even course of success, but the industry developed and has increased enormously . From its point of origin in Assam, it has gradually spread to other districts with varying commercial success .

The aggregate See also:

• TOTAL

total of capital of the tea-producing companies in India and See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon now amounts to about £25,000,000 . The Dutch were rather earlier than the English in attempting to establish tea growing in their eastern possessions . A beginning was made in Java in 1826, but probably because of the even more marked See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Chinese methods and Chinese plant, the progress was slow and the results indifferent . Of See also:

• LATE

late years, however, by the introduction of fine Assam seed and the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of methods similar to those in use in India, a marked improvement has taken See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, and there seems little reason to doubt that, with the very See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• SOIL

soil and abundant cheap labour that the island of Java possesses, the relative progress there may be greater in future than in any other producing See also:

• LAND

land . Somewhere about 186o the See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical commercial growing of tea was introduced into the island of See also:

• FORMOSA
• FORMOSA (called Taiwan by the Chinese, and following them by the Japanese, into whose possession it came after their war with China in 1895)

Formosa . The methods of cultivation and manufacture followed there differ in manyways from those of the other large producing countries, but the industry has been fairly successful throughout its history . Attempts were repeatedly made to introduce tea culture in Ceylon, under both Dutch and British authority . No permanent success was attained till about 1876, when the disastrous effects of the coffee-leaf disease forced planters to give serious attention to tea . Since that period the tea industry has developed with marvellous rapidity, and now takes first See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank in the See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce of the island . Several plantations have been successfully put out both by the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian government and private enterprise in the See also:

• CAUCASUS

Caucasus, but it is doubtful whether they could exist See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long but for the high rate of duty on tea entering See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia from See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign countries . See also:

• NATAL

Natal has now about 5000 acres under tea giving a fairly large yield, but of quality not highly esteemed outside of South See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, where it benefits to the extent of 4d. per See also:

• POUND
• POUND (2)—(a)

pound of See also:

• PROTECTION

protection in the See also:

• TARIFF (adapted in English from the French; the word comes through the Spanish tarifa, a list or schedule of prices, from the Arabic, ta'rifa, information, an inventory, 'arf, know-ledge)

tariff . A small plantation exists in South Carolina under circumstances not conducive to See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial success on a large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale of production .

Attempts at tea growing have been made in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies, See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil, See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia, Nyassaland, See also:

• MAURITIUS

Mauritius, the Straits Settlements, Johore, See also:

• FIJI
• FIJI (Viii)

Fiji and at See also:

• SAN

San See also:

• MIGUEL, MARIA EVARIST (1802–1866)

Miguel in the See also:

• AZORES (Acores), or WESTERN ISLANDS

Azores without marked success . In addition to favourable conditions of soil and See also:

• CLIMATE

climate, abundant cheap labour is an See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity if satisfactory commercial results are to be obtained . See also:

• BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

Botany.—The tea bush or tree is a member of the natural order Ternstroemiaceae and is closely allied to the well-known ornamental See also:

• SHRUB

shrub the camellia . As cultivated in China it is an See also:

• EVERGREEN

evergreen shrub growing to a height of from 3 to 5 ft . The See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem is bushy, with numerous and very leafy branches; the leaves are alternate, leathery in texture, elliptical, obtusely serrated, strongly veined and placed on See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short channelled See also:

• FOOT

foot-stalks . The See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers are See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, axillary and slightly fragrant,—often two or three together on See also:

• SEPARATE

separate pedicels . The calyx is small, smooth and divided into five obtuse sepals . The corolla has from five to nine petals, cohering at the See also:

• BASE

base . The stamens are short, numerous and inserted at the base of the corolla; the anthers are large and yellow, and the long See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style ends in three branches . The See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit is a woody See also:

• CAPSULE (from the Lat. capsula, a small box)

capsule of three cells, each containing one large nearly spherical seed, which consists mainly of two large hemispherical cotyledons . As is commonly the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case with plants which have been long under cultivation, there has been some doubt as to specific distinctions among the varieties of tea . The plant was origin-ally described by See also:

• LINNAEUS

Linnaeus as one species, See also:

• RHEA

rhea sineresis .

Later Linnaeus established two species, viz . Thea Bohea and Thea viridis, and it was erroneously assumed that the former was the source of See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black teas, while Thea viridis was held to yield the green varieties . In 1843, however, Mr See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

Fortune found that, although the two varieties of the plant existed in different parts of China, black and green tea were produced from the leaves of the same plant by varying the manufacturing processes . Sir See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• WATT, JAMES (1736-1819)

Watt (See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, vol. xxxii.) describes with ample illustrations the recognized varieties, placing all of them under Camellia Thea, with the following subdivision: B . „ Bohea . C . „ Stricta . D . „ Lasiocalyx . Of the foregoing, the teas of commerce are derived almost entirely from the varieties Viridis and Bohea . The Assam Indigenous, in its two sub-races of Singlo and Bazalona, and the See also:

• MANIPUR

Manipur, originally found wild in the jungles of the native See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of that name, have, with various intermixtures and crossings, been used to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the greatest areas of all the more See also:

• MODERN

modern planting in India, Ceylon and Java . The great See also:

• SIZE

size A .

Variety Viridis: races 1 . Assam Indigenous . 2 . Lushai . 3 . Naga Hills . - 4 . Manipur . 5 . See also:

• BURMA

Burma and Shan . 6 . Yunnan and Chinese .

of leaf when fully developed (4 to 9 ins. in length and 2 to 32 in breadth) has made them in demand because of the heavy yields . From the variety Bohea, or from hybrids of descent from it, came the China teas of former days and the earlier plantings in India grown from imported China stock . The • leaves of this variety are generally, roughly speaking, about See also:

• HALF

half the size of those of the Assam Indigenous and Manipur sorts . The bush is in every way smaller than the Assam types . The latter is a tree attaining in its natural conditions, or where allowed to grow unpruned in a seed garden, a height of from 30 to 40 ft. and prospering in the midst of dense moist jungle and in shady sheltered situations . The Bohea variety is See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

hardy, and capable of thriving under many different conditions of climate and situation, while the indigenous plant is See also:

• TENDER

tender and difficult of cultivation, requiring for its success a close, hot, moist and equable climate . In See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute structure it presents highly characteristic appearances . The under See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young leaf is densely covered with fine one-celled thick-walled hairs, about I mm. in length and •ois mm. in thickness . These hairs entirely disappear with increasing See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . The structure of the epidermis of the under side of the leaf, with its contorted cells, is represented in fig . 3 . A further characteristic feature of the cellular structure of the tea-leaf is the abundance, especially in grown leaves, of large, branching, thick-walled, smooth cells (idioblasts), which, although they occur in other leaves, are not found in such as are likely to be confounded with or substituted for tea .

The minute structure of the leaf in See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section is illustrated in fig . 4 . See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

Constant controversy has existed as to what is the actual See also:

• ORIGINAL

original home of the tea-plant, and probably no one has given to the subject more careful study than See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Andreas Krassnow, of Kharkoff University . By order of the Russian government, he visited each of the great tea-growing countries,and the results of his observations were published in a book entitled On the Tea-producing Districts of See also:

• ASIA

Asia . He holds the See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion that the tea-plant is indigenous, not to Assam only, but to the whole See also:

• MONSOON
• MONSOON (Arabic Mausim, season)

monsoon region of eastern Asia, where he found it growing wild as far See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north as the islands of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Japan . He considers that the tea-plant had, from the remotest times, two distinct varieties, the Assam and Chinese, as he thinks that the period of known cultivation has been too short to produce the See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences that exist between them . See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

Chemistry.—What may be termed the chemistry of production, viz., that See also:

• RELATING

relating to soils, See also:

• MANURES

manures, manufacturing processes, &c., has of See also:

• RECENT

recent years received great attention from the scientific experts appointed in India and Ceylon to assist and See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide the tea planters . The chemistry of the completed teas of commerce does not appear to have been subjected to adequate scientific study . There cannot be said to be any See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard or recognized See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis . Many such have been made, and they may be found in chemical See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text-books of high authority, but they are defective because of the lack of commercial knowledge in association with the chemical skill . More attention seems to have been given to the See also:

• MATTER

matter in the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America and in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and Russia than in England, but the See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite variety of samples known to the commercial See also:

• EXPERT (Lat. expertus, from experiri, to try)

expert, and the impossibility of standardizing those in such a manner as to make readily recognizable what the chemist has treated, renders most of the recorded analyses of uncertain value . There seems to be no relationship between the commercial value and the analysis, the arbitrary See also:

• PERSONAL

personal methods of the expert tea-taster being controlled by factors that chemistry does not appear to See also:

• DEAL

deal with .

One reason may be that analyses are generally made of tea liquors produced by distilled See also:

• WATER

water, which is the very worst possible from the point of view of the commercial expert or in domestic usage . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal chemical constituents of tea of practical interest are: See also:

• CAFFEINE, or THEINE (1.3.7 trimethyl 2 . 6 dioxypurin)

caffeine, See also:

• TANNIN, or TANNIC ACID

tannin and essential oil, on which depend respectively the physio- logical effects, the strength and the flavour . The commercial value appears to depend on the essential oil and aroma, not on the amount of caffeine, tannin or See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract . The following is suggested as a typical analysis of an average See also:

• SAMPLE (through the O. Fr. essemple, from Lat. exemplum; a doublet of " example ")

sample of black tea:— Per cent . Albuminous matters 24 Gummy matters 4 See also:

• CELLULOSE

Cellulose 20 See also:

• CHLOROPHYLL (from Gr. XAwpos, green, 4bXXov, a leaf)

Chlorophyll and See also:

• WAX

wax 2 Caffeine . 3 Tannin lo Essential oil . 0.75 See also:

• RESIN (through O.Fr. resine, modern reline, from Lat. resina, prcbably Latinized from Greek Pirivrt, resin)

Resin 3 See also:

• MINERAL

Mineral matter (ash) 6 Moisture 7 Extractive matter 20.25 See also:

• IOO

Ioo Also a trace (I to •2 per cent.) of boheic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid, a See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable acid See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to tea . The amount of tannin found in green teas appears to be leaf, full size . about half as much again as in black, and the former always yield Tea ") . Out of that total, Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain consumed only about less moisture, doubtless because of the harder fibre produced by the 5,000,000 lb, against a consumption of 126,000,000 lb of China tea method of manufacture and the frequent use of a facing See also:

• MEDIUM

medium . A large percentage of moisture found in any sample would indicate improper See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition . At the stage of final firing, tea is supposed to be desiccated as completely as possible, and it is then sealed up to exclude See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air entirely .

It is, however, most liable to absorb moisture upon subsequent exposure . Caffeine (formerly known as theine) is the See also:

• ALKALOID

alkaloid of tea, and is identical with that of coffee, See also:

• GUARANA(so called from the Guaranis, an aboriginal American tribe)

guarana, See also:

• MATE (a corruption of make, from O. Eng. gemaca, a " comrade ")
• MATE, or PARAGUAY TEA

mate and See also:

• KOLA

kola See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut . It is closely allied to theobromine, the alkaloid of See also:

• COCOA

cocoa, and also to uric acid . In large quantities it is a See also:

• POISON

poison, but in smaller quantities it acts as a stimulant . It exists in greater percentage in See also:

• INDIAN

Indian and Ceylon teas than in those from Java, and is lowest in China and Japan teas . Tannin is a hardening and astringent substance, and in large quantities impairs digestion . Prolonged infusion increases the amount extracted . The essential oil of tea is of a citron yellow See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour; it is lighter than water and possesses the distinctive odour of tea . Extract varies from 26 to 40 per cent., and is no guide to quality . Ash averages 5.7 per cent., about half of which is soluble in water . About 8 per cent. of ash is See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of See also:

• ADULTERATION
• ADULTERATION (from Lat. adulterare, to defile or falsify)

adulteration . Commercial.—There is probably no See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of large consumption the commerce in which has been so revolutionized during a single See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation .

In 1877, except to the initiated, tea meant China tea . India and Java were producing a little, but practically for use only in Great Britain and See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland . Formosa and Japan were beginning to attract attention in America, but China supplied the See also:

• WORLD

world, and almost entirely through the medium of the London market . The days of sailing See also:

• SHIPS

ships from China had not entirely passed, and the steamers of the period were built for rapidity of transit to London . The Australasian colonies got their supplies direct, and See also:

• PART

part of the Russian supplies went by the See also:

• CARAVAN (more correctly Karwan)

caravan routes . By 1907, however, the greatly increased production in India and Ceylon, with the willingness of many nations to drink such teas, in preference to those of China, had See also:

• LEFT

left to her Russia as a customer for nearly half her export of the article, a proportion rapidly diminishing, as that country too turned in the direction of using the stronger varieties . China and Japan have hitherto been regarded as the chief producers of tea, and the reputed large domestic consumption of those Mongolian peoples has led to assumptions of vast See also:

• INTERNAL

internal productions . There exist absolutely no data, and it is doubtful whether such can ever be gathered, for forming trustworthy estimates . In both of those countries tea is grown principally in a See also:

• RETAIL

retail manner, and much of it simply for See also:

• FAMILY

family consumption . The country See also:

• CULTIVATOR

cultivator has, as a See also:

• RULE

rule, only a small See also:

• AREA

area—perhaps a corner of his See also:

• FARM

farm or garden—planted with tea, the produce of which is roughly See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun-dried and cured in a primitive manner . Any surplus not needed for the family is sold in its sun-dried state to the See also:

• COLLECTOR

collector, who takes it to the hong, where it is fired, blended and packed for exportation . Excluding therefore from any record the uantities produced for internal consumption in China and Japan ?that from the former alone has been estimated at a total of 2,000,000,000 lb), the following are the acreage and production of the world as taken from the latest recorded See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics available in 1908: (See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

Brick tea for 2 See also:

• TIBET, or THIBET

Tibet) 1 19,000,000 exported Japan .

121,202 39,778,000 only . Formosa 79,858 20,300,000 India 531,808 240,411,000 (Burma) 1,498 2 3,249,000 Shan States (mostly pickled tea) 1 16,000,000 Ceylon . . 390,000 170,527,000 Java . . 45,000 26,215,000 Natal . 5,000 2,750,000 726,601,000 The quantity from China includes about 16,000,000 lb imported from India, Ceylon and Java, and worked up with China teas into bricks and tablets . The modern developments of production and consumption have rendered the subject of China tea one of subordinate interest, except to students of commercial See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution . In several of the China . earlier See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of this See also:

• WORK

work very ample details are furnished regarding the same, with many interesting pictorial illustrations of the processes of production . The conservative tendencies of the Chinese people have prevented them adopting the modern methods of extensive cultivation based on scientific principles, and the manipulation of crops by machinery in place of See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand labour . Consequently, their export See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade has been for many years a China diminishing one . Of the exported quantity referred to Clack tea. above, only 81,000,000 lb were the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary black tea b known to the English consumer (collectively described in the United States of America and See also:

• CANADA

Canada as " English Breakfast ' Areas unascertained . 2 Official figure, but accuracy doubtful.in 1879 .

Green tea is represented by 28,000,000 lb, and this went chiefly to the United States of America, to Central Asia and to North Africa . The See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder, 8o,000,000 lb, is brick Chiaa and tablet tea sent entirely to See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic and European Russia . The method of compressing tea into tablets green.See also:

• EA(nar...), (p.s„,.,.)
• EA(psr...), (p, „...)• (pqr...)

ea. or bricks is unfamiliar in western Europe . It doubtless arose from the necessity of reducing bulk to a minimum for See also:

• CONVEYANCE

conveyance by caravan across the great trade routes of Asia, and now Bricks and that the railway and the steamship have supplemented tablets. more primitive methods of transit, the See also:

• SYSTEM

system is still continued to meet the wants of the consumer who would not recognize his tea in any other shape . The preparation of the tea in the requisite See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form has, however, largely left Chinese hands . The Russians have themselves established several important factories at See also:

• HANKOW (" Mouth of the Han ")

Hankow, which is the chief seat of this industry, and to which place they import in large quantities tea-dust and small broken tea from India, Ceylon and Java . Those are freely used in the preparation of small tablets, compressed to such a condition of hardness as to resemble See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood or See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, and commonly passed See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round as currency in certain districts of Russia . Of a somewhat different nature is the brick tea prepared chiefly at Ya-chou in Brick iea the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Ssu-chuan for overland transit to Tibet, for Tibet. to investigate the commerce in which Mr See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James Hutchi- . son, M.A., was sent in 1906 as a special commissioner for the Indian Tea See also:

• CESS (a shortened form of " assess "; the spelling is due to a mistaken connexion with " census ")

Cess Committee . This tea is mostly prepared from exceedingly rough leaf, including even bush prunings, which would not be plucked for manufacturing purposes in India or Ceylon . It is " panned," rolled, fermented and divided into various classes or qualities . It is then steamed and placed in a moulding See also:

• FRAME

frame of wood to compress it into the size and shape of brick wanted .

The bricks are wrapped in See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper bearing hong marks, or some See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing in Tibetan . For transit they are packed twelve together in hides sewn up while moist, which See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract to make a strong tight package of 6o to 7o lb See also:

• WEIGHT

weight . These See also:

• BALES [BALESIUS], PETER (1547–1610?)

bales are carried on the backs of coolies for great distances across very high passes into Tibet, and the trade is estimated at an average of 19,000,000 lb per annum, of which 8,000,000 is a See also:

• SUBSIDY (through Fr. from Lat. subsidium, reserve troops, aid, assistance, from subsidere, literally " to sit or remain behind or in reserve,")

subsidy from the emperor of China to the Tibetan monasteries . The See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese production is almost entirely green tea for North See also:

• AMERICAN

American use . It is prepared in two distinctive classes named by the final See also:

• PROCESS

process of manufacture applied in each in- Japaa stance, viz. See also:

• BASKET

basket-fired, i.e. dried over a hot See also:

• STOVE

stove in a basket, and See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

pan-fired, i.e. in See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine-made pans . The industry is a declining one, because of See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in the American See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste, and the area under cultivation has diminished by nearly 20 per cent. in the ten years since 1896 . The mulberry leaf for the more profitable See also:

• SILK

silk trade has taken its place . The export production of the island Acreage under tea . Production . lb China 188,371,000 quantities of Formosa is limited to a particular class of tea termed Formosa Oolong, practically all produced for the United States oolong. of America . It is scarcely known in England See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save by experts . The Tea Cess Committees of India and Ceylon have both sent representatives in recent years to study the manner of growth and production, but in neither country has there been so far any successful See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to produce commercially tea of the class .

A See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical difference exists in connexion with the method of growth, in that the plants are never grown from seed, but are always propagated from layerings . Soil, situation and See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic conditions have doubtless much influence on the peculiar See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the tea produced . The manufacturing methods are elaborate and careful, and the produce has in its choicest qualities a particular delicacy and bouquet possessed by no other variety of tea . As the planting, productive and manufacturing processes of India may be taken to be generally representative of Indian [ea Ceylon and Java also, and therefore of the tea of modern trade. commerce in most lands outside of China and Japan, the methods followed will be described with some fullness . A rich and exuberant growth of the plants is a first essential of successful tea cultivation . This is only obtainable in warm and moist localities where rains are frequent and copious . Climate . The climate indeed which favours tropical profusion of jungle growth—still steaming See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat—is that most favourable for the cultivation of tea, and such climate, unfortunately, is often trying to the See also:

• HEALTH

health of Europeans . It was formerly supposed that comparatively temperate latitudes and steep sloping ground afforded the most favourable situations for planting, and much of the disaster which attended the early stages of the tea enterprise in India is traceable to this erroneous conception . Tea thrives best in See also:

• LIGHT

light friable soils of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• DEPTH

depth, through which water percolates freely, the plant being specially impatient of marshy situations and stagnant water . Undulating well-watered tracts, where the See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain escapes freely, yet without washing away the soil, are the most valuable for tea gardens . Many of the original Indian plantations were established on See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill-sides, after the example of known districts in China, where hill slopes and See also:

• ODD (in middle English odde, from old Norwegian oddi, an angle of a triangle; the old Norwegian oddamann is used of the third man who gives a casting vote in a dispute)

odd corners are commonly occupied with tea-plants .

The methods described hereafter are those generally followed in India and Ceylon in the manner of the most modern application, but See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations must take place according to district and See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation . See also:

• PROPAGATION

Propagation is from seed only . The seed is rather larger than a See also:

• HAZEL (0. Eng. hresell; cf. Ger. Hasel, Swed. and Dan. Kassel, &c.,; Fr. noiselier, coudrier)

hazel nut, with a thicker and darker See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell and perfectly spherical shape . When ripe (about the See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November) the seeds are placed a few inches apart in carefully prepared nurseries, which are watered, shaded and weeded till the See also:

• REGULAR

regular rains of May and June admit of the shading being removed . The seedlings should then be 6 ins. to 8 ins. high and ready to plant out in the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields . These are prepared by cutting down and burning the jungle, which is afterwards hoed, lined and staked in parallel rows See also:

• RUNNING

running both ways . The intervals of planting vary, but 42 ft. by 4-,-, ft. is a very common distance . Pits 15 ins. to i8 ins. deep are dug for each plant, and refilled loosely—then the seedlings are carefully placed in them . With favourable See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather they should be i5 ins. to i8 ins. high by the end of the first year . Some-times the plants are grown in the nursery for a whole year or more and put out during the See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold weather . After two years' growth the bushes should be 4 to 6 ft. high . They are then cut down to about 8 ins. and are allowed to grow again up to 2 or 3 ft. before, towards the end of their third year, being plucked regularly .

The See also:

• OBJECT

object of this cutting down is to cause the bushes to spread out and cover the ground area usually allowed to each plant, i.e. about 20 sq. ft . The yield in the third year is small, probably less than z oz. finished tea per bush . At 7 to io years old, when in full 'bearing, 4 to 5 oz. would be considered a good return . The See also:

• ANNUAL

annual production per See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre from matured plants was in 1906 in the principal producing districts of India: See also:

• DARJEELING

Darjeeling . . 317 lb Assam . 402 „ See also:

• TRAVANCORE

Travancore . . 452 „ See also:

• SYLHET

Sylhet . 515 , . See also:

• CACHAR, or KACHAR

Cachar 542 „ Dooars . 569 „ Individual estates of large area gave as much, as 1280 lb per acre . In Ceylon the average yield per acre was 440 lb, but there are verified records of 996 lb per acre within the year from an See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate of 458 acres . On the same See also:

• PROPERTY

property an area of 100 acres gave 1100 lb per acre on the average over a period of 18 years .

Cultivation in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern parts of India is done by digging over the soil—locally termed hoeing—once in the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter and Cultiva- six times in the nine months of the harvesting See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season . See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion To keep an estate clean and in good cultivation it re- quires to be gone over every six See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks . The labourers being barefooted, a See also:

• SPADE

spade is useless, so a " khodalee " or See also:

• HOE (through Fr. houe from O.H.G. houwd, mod. Ger. Haue; the root is seen in " hew," to cut, cleave; the word must be distinguished from " hoe," promontory, tongue of land, seen in place names, e.g. Morthoe, Luton Hoo, the Hoe at Plymouth, &c. ; this is t
• HOE, RICHARD MARCH (1812-1886)

hoe (much like a very heavy and long-bladed garden Dutch hoe) is used . It is raised well over the head and dropped forcibly into the ground, then pulled towards the wielder to turn over the soil . In southern India and Ceylon clean hand-weeding is the method of cultivation, almost no hoeing being done . In northern India the plucking season begins in See also:

• APRIL

April . During the first flush (i.e. the breaking out of young green shoots after pruning and the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of winter) the bush is encouraged to grow by leaving 3 or 4 fully developed leaves after removing the tip of the shoot . It takes about 6 weeks to remove entirely the whole of the first and succeeding flushes, going round the estate once a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week . In the second flush two leaves only are left . In the third and See also:

• FOURTH

fourth flushes only one large leaf, and after that—say during See also:

• OCTOBER

October, November and part of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December—no soft leaf growth is left that can be harvested in good order . In northern India, where the weather in the winter months is cold and dry, growth practically ceases, and then the whole area is pruned and cut down to about 16 ins. high all over, but in Travancore and Ceylon it grows continuously and is only pruned when found expedient at intervals of 15 months to 2 years . In certain cases of high-lying estates, where the growth is slow, it is allowed to run 3 years from pruning .

The finest teas are produced at high elevations in Darjeeling and Ceylon and in the plains of Assam, but the quality from individual estates varies much from season to season, and even from week to week . There are at times marked differences between the produce of adjoining estates, with apparently identical conditions of soil and situation . Tea grows and thrives from about See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level in the tropics to 7000 ft. in more temperate conditions . The See also:

• LIFE

life of a well-cared-for bush has been estimated at 50 years, in spite of its numerous enemies . Those include mites, termites (or white ants), See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread blight, See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey blight, caterpillars (naked or in bags) and caterpillars armed with stinging hairs to protect them, and borers, red and black, some of which eat the core out of the wood, while others content themselves with eating only the bark . During recent years in India a new development has taken place in planting tea upon what are termed " bheels,"—lands resembling to a great extent the See also:

• PEAT (possibly connected with Med. Lat. petia, pecia, piece, ultimately of Celtic origin; cf. O. Celt. pet, O. Ir. pit, Welsh peth, portion)

peat bogs of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland and See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . When opened up by an elaborate and See also:

• COMPLETE

complete system of drainage, they have been found to possess the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of producing enormously heavy yields, and it is from such estates that the greatest yields in India have come . In Ceylon, and to some extent in India, the careful and systematic application of chemical manures, compounded on scientific lines, has been found to increase largely the yield of leaf, and muchinterplanting of See also:

• NITROGEN [symbol N., atomic weight 14.01, 0=16]

nitrogen-producing growths has been done with a view to restoring to the soil the most necessary constituents . In the early days an attempt was made to copy the Chinese methods, and the various processes were See also:

• MANUAL

manual . Now, from the plucking stage onwards, almost everything is done by Maaufacmnachinery . During the season of yield the flushes are plucked every 7 to 10 days, and, as a rule, in India the lure. opening bud and two leaves below it are plucked . To take more than this would be considered coarse and less would be fine plucking .

These are of course quite immature, the longest rarely being one See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch in length . The See also:

• LOWER

lower leaves on the young shoots are too old and hard to manufacture into tea . The plucking is done by See also:

• WOMEN

women and See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, and is now practically the only part of the work where the tea is touched by hand . The plucking season continues in some districts of India till December . As they are plucked, the green leaves are thrown into baskets, and twice daily the pluckings are taken into the factory . They are then spread out thinly on trays or racks made of See also:

• BAMBOO

bamboo, See also:

• CANVAS

canvas or See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire netting, under cover, for some i8 or 30 See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours (according to the temporary weather conditions) to See also:

• WITHER, GEORGE (1588-1667)

wither, after which they are in a soft, flaccid condition ready for See also:

• ROLLING

rolling . On a successful wither the amount of the tea ferment or See also:

• ENZYME (Gr. Eve uµos, leavened, from v, in, and Om, leaven)

enzyme is dependent . The object of rolling is to crush the leaves and to break their cells so as to liberate the juices . The leaves are passed repeatedly through a machine driven by See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam or other power giving a rotary See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion, the operation occupying about 40 to 60 minutes . The next process is familiarly termed See also:

• FERMENTATION

fermentation, but is really an oxidation of the leaves . Should the leaf be intended to be cured as green tea, the fermenting process is omitted and some other processes applied, but in India very little green tea is manufactured . Many people still cherish the antiquated belief that black and green teas are grown upon different varieties of the tea-plant, which is quite a mistake, the difference being merely one of preparation .

After being rolled, the leaves are spread out in layers of 1 to 2 ins. thick in a cool house, and left to undergo the chemical See also:

• ACTION

action resulting from their condition . This process is checked after from 2 to 3 hours, according to climatic conditions . A further brief rolling to close up the open leaves is followed by the first firing, which is effected by subjecting the leaves to the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual action of hot air up to a temperature of 240° F . Various applications of the same system are in use, but the most popular is to place the leaves on trays of wire network in a high temperature for about twenty minutes, after which they are See also:

• FIRM

firm and crisp . Up to this point of the manufacture the leaf has been in the stalk, the leaves and bud being unseparated . They are now broken apart and sorted by See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical sifters into the various grades or qualities, which are described as See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

Orange Pekoe, Pekoe, Pekoe Souchong and Souchong, each of which names represents approximately the leaf-bud and the three lower leaves . In addition to these four classes, out of each are sifted all the smaller fragments of leaf broken in the process of manufacture, which are termed Broken Orange Pekoe, &c . These broken grades are frequently objected to by the consumer, under the impression that they are inferior in quality, but in the opinion of experts, the more the leaf is broken up, the better is the liquor upon infusion . Upon completion of the sifting, the tea is again fired, and, while warm it is packed tightly into See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead-lined chests, and the lead covers completely soldered over it, so that it may be kept perfectly air-tight until required for use . The machinery in use is very varied in character, and it has been evolved principally by practical planters of a mechanical turn . Many estate superintendents have begun their careers Machinery. as See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers, and it is not unusual for a large estate, or See also:

• GROUP

group of estates, to have one member of the European See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff who is a qualified engineer . The See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive power is generally a steam See also:

• ENGINE
• ENGINE (Lat. ingenium)

engine, but the greater See also:

• ECONOMY

economy and facility of oil engines have led to their fairly wide adoption .

Where water power is available, turbines of a variety of types are in use . The See also:

• MACHINES

machines to be driven are air-fans, rollers, See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll-breakers, sifters, cutters and packers, and there are besides numerous types of driers or desiccators . The names associated with the most successful and widely used machines are those of the Messrs See also:

• JACKSON
• JACKSON, ANDREW (1767-1845)
• JACKSON, CYRIL (1746-1819)
• JACKSON, FREDERICK GEORGE (186o– )
• JACKSON, HELEN MARIA (1831–1885)
• JACKSON, MASON (c. 1820-1903)
• JACKSON, THOMAS (1579-1640)
• JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN (1824-1863)
• JACKSON, WILLIAM (1730-1803)

Jackson (makers, Marshalls of See also:

• GAINSBOROUGH
• GAINSBOROUGH, THOMAS (1727-1788)

Gainsborough) and Mr S . C . See also:

• DAVIDSON, ANDREW BRUCE (1831–1902)
• DAVIDSON, JOHN (1857–1909)
• DAVIDSON, RANDALL THOMAS (1848– )
• DAVIDSON, SAMUEL (1807-1898)
• DAVIDSON, THOMAS (1817-1885)

Davidson, of the See also:

• SIROCCO

Sirocco See also:

• WORKS

Works, See also:

• BELFAST

Belfast . The production of the empty boxes for packing, called chests or half-chests, is in itself a large industry . The heavy old-fashioned country-made packages are rapidly being replaced by light-tared boxes made from several thicknesses of See also:

• VENEER

veneer pressed closely together, most of which come from Russia . A production temporarily in excess of the world's demand of several years ago, led to the offering of bonuses for the production in India and Ceylon of green teas, with a view to lessening the black tea output . The methods adopted were successful, and Green tea. after some vicissitudes a satisfactory business has been established, especially with the United States of America and Canada . The methods of producing this tea are not so complicated as those followed in China and Japan . The principal difference from the manner described of making black tea lies in the omission of the withering and fermenting, and the substitution for those of a steaming or panning process . The effect of either is to destroy the possibility of fermentation by subjecting the leaf, as soon as it is plucked, to a brief period of great heat .

This completely destroys Planting out . Tea Consumption.—The following table gives particulars relative to the principal cons.lming countries, from which it will be seen that Great Britain and its English-speaking dependencies are the great consumers Tea Consumption of Chief Consuming Countries in 1906 . China Unknown Japan Total Rate per Rate of Duty per Annum . Person per lb . of Popu- lation . lb United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom . . . 269,503,000 6.17 5d . Russia 135,400,000 0.94 Certain kinds See also:

• FREE

free for Asiatic Rus- sia or over Asiatic frontier —others 2Id . to Is. iild . United States of America 84,842,000 0.89 Free . Dominion of Canada .

. 23,969,000 4.34 See also:

• COMMONWEALTH

Commonwealth of Aus- tralia..27,959,000 6.88 DominionofNewZealand 6,141,000 6.5 Germany 6,354,000 0.11 (If British grown) 135d . See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France 2,428,000 0.06 9d . (surtax 2Id. if not direct See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im- ' See also:

• PORT

port) . Holland 7,874,000 I.45 2;d . South Africa . . . 7,572,000 I.4 4d . (Natal tea free) See also:

• ARGENTINE

Argentine See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic . 2,870,000 0.49 42d . Tibet 19,000,000 131 lb High,but uncertain . India (estimated) 7,240,000 ? Free .

Burma (average about) . 19,000,000 ? „ See also:

• PERSIA

Persia (average about) . 6,000,000 ? 41d. to 7d . 626,152,000 The countries of smallerconsumption absorbed about 25,000,000 lb, but there is a considerable excess in the returns of production over those of consumption . This arises partly from the latter relating in certain instances to an earlier period, and partly from the fact 481 See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru 65 % ad val. and 1o% . Portugal 2s. old . See also:

• RUMANIA
• RUMANIA, or ROUMANIA [Romdnia]

Rumania 3Id. and 41d. See also:

• EXCISE (derived through the Dutch, excijs or accijs, possibly from Late Lat. accensare,—ad, to, and census, tax; the word owes something to a confusion with excisum, cut out)

excise . Sierra Leone 1o% ad val . See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain 61d . (if tran- shipped in a European port is .

71d. cwt. ad- ditional) . St See also:

• HELENA
• HELENA, ST (c. 247-c. 327)

Helena Free . Straits See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

Settle- ments Free . See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden 3d . See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland In receptacles weighing less than 5 kilos . 11d. over 1 .See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

rod . See also:

• TOBAGO

Tobago and See also:

• TRINIDAD

Trinidad 6d . See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey 11 % . See also:

• UGANDA

Uganda to % . See also:

• URUGUAY (officially the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay, and long locally called the Banda Oriental, meaning the land on the eastern side of the river Uruguay, from which the country takes its name)

Uruguay 51d . See also:

• VENEZUELA

Venezuela 6d . The rate per head of See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population within the United Kingdom has not increased much during recent years, and in the Australasian colonies it has apparently fallen greatly as compared with recorded averages of 12 lb per head in See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria and 9 lb in New South See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales in 1884 .

The modern statistics of the commonwealth may be more accurately kept, and there may be less See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste in use, but it is not supposed that there is any diminution in the free use of the beverage which has always characterized the antipodean colonist . One important See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in keeping down the amount per person is the substitution in use, which for a generation has been in progress, of the stronger teas of India and Ceylon for the old-fashioned weaker produce of China . The progressive increase in the consumption of tea in Great Britain and Ireland during 50 years from 1836 to 1886 is shown in the table below . The dotted See also:

• LINE

line represents the average monthly consumption in each year; the fluctuations in price of good See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound China congou are traced by the,black line; and the years in which reduced customs duty came into operation are indicated along the base . From 186o onwards, the amount of Indian tea entered for home consumption is shown in monthly average by a black See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column . This column brings out the remarkable fact that the Indian tea alone consumed in 1886 equalled the consumption of all kinds in 186o, and was See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double the quantity of all kinds in 1836 . The table, however, shows merely the general development of See also:

• CON

con- TEA British See also:

• GUIANA (Guyana, Guayana')

Guiana 8d . See also:

• BULGARIA
• BULGARIA, EASTERN

Bulgaria 4;d. plus 41d. excise and See also:

• OCTROI (0. Fr. octroyer, to grant, authorize; Lat. auctor)

octroi IId . See also:

• CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the Quichua chin , cold, or tchili, snow)

Chile 9d . See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus 4d . See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark 4d . See also:

• ECUADOR (officially La Republica del Ecuador)

Ecuador 21d .

See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt 8 % ad val . Fiji ..: 6d . See also:

• GIBRALTAR

Gibraltar Free . See also:

• GREECE

Greece 1Id . See also:

• GRENADA

Grenada 6d . See also:

• HONDURAS

Honduras 22d . See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy iId . See also:

• JAMAICA

Jamaica Is . See also:

• LAGOS

Lagos Id . See also:

• MALTA
• MALTA (or MEDITERRANEAN) FEVER

Malta Free . Mauritius 3d . See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico 6d .

See also:

• MOROCCO

Morocco to % ad val . See also:

• NEWFOUNDLAND

Newfoundland 33 % ad val . See also:

• NIGERIA

Nigeria 1od . See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway Is .