See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

TEETH (O.E. See also:

• EEL

Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top)  , the modified papillae or elevations of the mucous membrane of the mouth, impregnated with See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime salts . Each tooth has a biting See also:

• PART

part or See also:

• CROWN

crown covered by See also:

• ENAMEL (formerly " amel," derived through the Fr. amail, emmll, esmail, from a Latin word smaltum, first found in a 9th-century life of Leo IV.)

enamel, a See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck where the See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum surrounds it, and one or more roots or fangs fitting into sockets (alveoli) in the See also:

• JAW (Mid. Eng. jawe, jowe and geowe, O. Eng. cheowan, connected with " chaw " and " chew," and in form with " jowl ")

jaw See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone . For See also:

• SURGERY
• SURGERY (Fr. chirurgie, from Gr. Xetpoupyfa, i.e. hand-work)

surgery of the See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth see See also:

• DENTISTRY (from Lat. dens, a tooth)

DENTISTRY . There are See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-two permanent teeth in See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, sixteen in the upper and sixteen in the See also:

• LOWER

lower jaw; they are also arranged in symmetrical sets of eight teeth on each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . The two teeth on each side of the See also:

• MID

mid-See also:

• LINE

line in front are " incisors " and have See also:

• CHISEL (from the O. Fr. cisel, modern ciseau, Late Lat. cisellum, a cutting tool, from caedere, to cut)

chisel-shaped crowns . The mesial or central incisor of the upper jaw is broader than any of the others, consequently it bites against the central and lateral incisors of the lower jaw, and the same want of exact See also:

• ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

adaptation continues throughout the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, so that every tooth in the upper jaw except the last molar bites against its corresponding tooth of the lower jaw and the tooth behind that . ninth See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month, or even later; then, after a few months, come the central and lateral upper incisors; again a few months' and the lower lateral incisors appear, followed closely by first molars . After another See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of four or five months come the canines, the eruption of which is a slow See also:

• PROCESS

process, while by about the end of the second See also:

• YEAR

year the second molars have appeared, and the See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk dentition is See also:

• COMPLETE

complete . It will be seen from the above that the milk teeth are cut in batches with resting intervals between . As C . S . Tomes points out, we do not know what causes the eruption of the teeth; the growth of the roots is not of itself enough to See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for it .

It is possible, however, that See also:

• BLOOD

blood-pressure may be the determining cause . The first permanent tooth to be cut is the first molar, and this happens during or soon after the See also:

• SIXTH

sixth year . It does not displace any of the milk teeth, but comes down behind the second milk molar . During the seventh year the central milk incisors fall out and their See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place is taken by the permanent ones; the See also:

• SHED

shed teeth are See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere shells of the crown, all the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root having been absorbed, though not, as might be thought, owing to See also:

• DIRECT

direct pressure of the succeeding tooth . The lateral incisors succeed their milk predecessors at about eight years old, the first premolar takes the place of the first temporary molar about nine, the second pre-molar that of the second temporary molar about ten, Fro. r.—The Permanent Teeth of the Right Side, Inner or the canine about eleven, while the second molar comes Lingual Aspect. down behind the first about twelve, and so is known as The upper See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row shows the upper teeth, the lower row the lower teeth . The the "twelve-year-old tooth." The third molar, or See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom cingulum is distinct on the upper incisors and both canines, the lingual tooth, usually appears between eighteen and twenty, but See also:

• CUSP (Lat. cuspis, a spear, point)

cusp on the upper lateral incisor and the upper canine. may be much later, indeed it is sometimes never cut at all, and when it is, it often does not come down to a level with the other teeth . It is believed that man is gradually undergoing a suppression of his last molar teeth, which, if the process continue, will See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to our successors having a different dental See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula from our own . It is interesting to See also:

• NOTICE

notice that 1st molar Next to the incisors comes the " canine tooth," the crown of which is somewhat peg-shaped, while behind this are the two " premolars " or " bicuspids," whose crowns are flattened from before backward and See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear two cusps, the larger of which is the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external or labial cusp, while the smaller is the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal or lingual . As a See also:

• RULE

rule there is a single root, though sometimes in the first upper premolar it is See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double . The three " molars " are placed behind the premolars, and the upper and lower sets can be easily distinguished because the upper have three roots -while the lower have only two . Of the three roots which the upper molars bear two are lateral or external and one mesial (see fig. r), so that it is easy to tell the See also:

• OUTER

outer from the inner side of an upper molar . The front can, as a rule, be identified by the fact that the roots are gene-rally See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent a little backward at their tips, and this applies to other teeth than the upper molars .

In the lower jaw, owing to the two fangs being anteroposterior, it is not possible to tell the lateral from the mesial See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the molars by them, although the backward inclination of their tips shows the front from the back . When it is remembered that the upper teeth overlap the lower externally it is reasonable to expect that the lower molars would show some rounding due to wearing away of the edge of the crown on the outer side, and this is the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case . The grinding surface of the crowns of the upper molars shows three or four cusps, while on that of the lower four or five are found . Of the three molars the first is the largest, and the third, or wisdom tooth, the smallest, while the upper wisdom tooth is smaller than the lower . In the " milk teeth " or temporary dentition of the See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child there are only twenty teeth, ten in each jaw and five in each segment . They are two incisors, one canine, and two so-called molars . These molars occupy the position which the permanent premolars later on take, and it is held by many that the adult molars really belong to the milk dentition, although they cannot appear until the jaw has grown backward sufficiently far to make See also:

• ROOM

room for them . The temporary teeth differ from the permanent in their smaller See also:

• SIZE

size, their whiter See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, the greater constriction of their necks, and in the fact that the roots of the molars are widely splayed . The See also:

• DATES

dates at which the milk teeth are cut are very variable . The lower central incisors come first between the sixth and Canine Lateral incisor 1 A Central incisor 1 in molar From See also:

• AMBROSE (AMBROISE), AUTPERT (d.' 778)
• AMBROSE (ANDREY SERTIS-KAMENSKIY) (1708-1771)
• AMBROSE (fl. 119o)
• AMBROSE, ISAAC (1604-1663/4)
• AMBROSE, SAINT (c. 340-307)

Ambrose See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham, in See also:

• CUNNINGHAM, ALEXANDER (c.1655-173o)
• CUNNINGHAM, ALLAN (1784-1842)
• CUNNINGHAM, WILLIAM (1805-1861)

Cunningham's See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

Text-See also:

• BOOK

Book of See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

Anatomy . The masticating surfaces of the two upper molars are shown above . In the second row the upper teeth are viewed from the outer or labial side .

In the third row the lower teeth are shown in a similar manner; and below are the masticating surfaces of the two lower molars . In the specimen from which the first upper molar was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn the two outer or buccal cusps were not distinctly separated, as is often the case . in some of the lower races of mankind the last molar tooth is nearly as large as those in front of it, and this is the case in the anthropoid apes . A . See also:

• KEITH
• KEITH, FRANCIS EDWARD JAMES (1696-1758)
• KEITH, GEORGE (c. 1639-1716)
• KEITH, GEORGE KEITH ELPHINSTONE, VISCOUNT (1746-1823)

Keith and D . Braden Kyle have pointed out that the second and third molar teeth are successively formed in the posterior See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall of the maxillary antrum and molar Central incisor Canine See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand premolar 2nd molar From Ambrose Birmingham, in Cunningham's Text-Book of Anatomy . Lateral incisor 1st premolar rest the .Central incisor Canine and premolar Lateral incisor zst premolar ist molar 3rd molar F I 11 11 1st molar 2nd molar crown Central incisor Lateral incisor Canine and their crowns look backward . It is owing to the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual growth backward of this antrum and the maxilla that they are rotated See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round a See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of a circle and so at last look down- See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward (see A . Keith, See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of Dental See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

Science, vol. xlv., See also:

• JUNE

June 16, 1902) . Extra teeth are occasionally met with in the incisor, premolar and molar regions; their significance will be better realized after the See also:

• EMBRYOLOGY

embryology and See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative anatomy of the subject have been sketched . For an accurate and detailed description of man's teeth see A See also:

• MANUAL

Manual of Dental Anatomy, by C . S .

Tomes, See also:

• LONDON

London, 1904 .