See also:

• TELEGONY (Gr. TT/Xe, far, and yovos, offspring)

TELEGONY (Gr. TT/Xe, far, and yovos, offspring)  , the name now given to the See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis that offspring sometimes inherit characters from a previous See also:

• MATE (a corruption of make, from O. Eng. gemaca, a " comrade ")
• MATE, or PARAGUAY TEA

mate of their See also:

• DAM

dam . Until See also:

• RECENT

recent years the supposed See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance of characters acquired by a dam from one or more of her former mates was usually designated by breeders " throwing back "; by physiologists, " infection of the germ," or simply " infection." The See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of " infection," like the somewhat allied doctrine of " maternal impressions," seems to be alike See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and widespread . See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

Evidence of the antiquity of the belief in " maternal impressions " we have in See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob placing peeled rods before Laban's See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle to induce them to bring forth " See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring-straked speckled and spotted " offspring; evidence of the antiquity of the " infection " doctrine we have, according to some writers, in the practice amongst the Israelites of requiring the childless widow to marry her deceased See also:

• HUSBAND

husband's See also:

• BROTHER

brother, that he might " raise up See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed to his brother." Whatever may have been the views of stock-owners in the remote past, it is certain that during the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages the belief in " infection " was See also:

• COMMON

common amongst breeders, and that during the last two centuries it met with the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general approval of naturalists, See also:

• ENGLISH

English breeders being especially satisfied of the fact that the offspring frequently inherited some of their characters from a former mate of the dam, while both English and See also:

• CONTINENTAL

Continental naturalists (apparently without putting the assertions of breeders to the test of experiment) accounted for the " throwing back " by saying the germ cells of the darn had been directly or indirectly "infected " by a former mate . It is noteworthy that L . See also:

• AGASSIZ, ALEXANDER EMANUEL (1835-191o)
• AGASSIZ, JEAN LOUIS RODOLPHE (1807-1893)

Agassiz, C . See also:

• DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT (1809-1882)
• DARWIN, ERASMUS (1731-1802)

Darwin, W . B . See also:

• CARPENTER, LANT (1780-1840)
• CARPENTER, MIRY (1807-1877)
• CARPENTER, WILLIAM BENJAMIN (1813-1885)

Carpenter, and G . J . See also:

• ROMANES, GEORGE JOHN (1848-1894)

Romanes were all more or less See also:

• FIRM

firm believers in the doctrine of infection, and that a few years ago, with the exception of See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor A . See also:

• WEISMANN, AUGUST (1834– )

Weismann, all the leading biologists had either subscribed to the See also:

• TELEGONY (Gr. TT/Xe, far, and yovos, offspring)

telegony doctrine or admitted that " infection of the germ " was well within the See also:

• BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds of possibilities . Even Professor Weismann did not deny the possibility of the offspring throwing back to a previous mate .

The widespread belief, he admitted, " may be justifiable and founded on fact," but he was careful to add that " only the See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation of the tradition by methodical investigation, in this See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case by experiment, could raise telegony to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of a fact." In assuming this attitude Professor Weismann decidedly differed from See also:

• HERBERT (FAMILY)
• HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633)
• HERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM
• HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682)

Herbert See also:

• SPENCER
• SPENCER, HERBERT (1820-1903)
• SPENCER, JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL (1782-1845)
• SPENCER, JOHNPOYNTZ SPENCER
• SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834)

Spencer, who some years ago mentioned that he had evidence " enough to prove the fact of a previous sire asserting his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on a subsequent progeny." The importance of determining whether there is such a thing as telegony is sufficiently evident . If a See also:

• MARE

mare or other See also:

• FEMALE

female See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal is liable to be " infected " by her first or by subsequent mates, telegony will rank as a cause of variation, and breeders will be justified in believing (1) that pure-bred See also:

• FEMALES

females are liable to be " corrupted " when mated with sires of a different breed; and (2) that inferior or See also:

• CROSS

cross-bred females, if first mated with a high-class sire, will thereafter produce See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior offspring, how-ever inferior or cross-bred her subsequent mates . If, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, " infection of the germ " is impossible, telegony will not See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count as a See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in variation, and breeders will no longer be either justified in regarding mares and other female animals as liable to be " corrupted " by See also:

• ILL

ill-assorted unions, or benefited by first having offspring to a high-class, or it may be more vigorous, mate . Though, according to breeders, evidence of telegony has been found in nearly all the different kinds of domestic mammals and birds, most stress has been laid on instances of " infection " in the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse and See also:

• DOG

dog families . Telegony in the Horse See also:

• FAMILY

Family.—See also:

• BEECHER, CHARLES EMERSON (1856-1904)
• BEECHER, HENRY WARD (1813-1887)
• BEECHER, LYMAN (1775—1863)

Beecher at the end of the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century pointed out that " when a mare has had a See also:

• MULE (Lat. mulus)

mule by an See also:

• ASS (O.E. assa; Lat. asinus)
• ASS, FEAST OF THE

ass and afterwards a foal by a horse, there are evident marks on the foal of the See also:

• MOTHER

mother having retained some ideas of her former paramour, the ass." That mares used in mule breeding are liable to be infected is still widely believed, but irrefragable evidence of the influence of the ass persisting, as Agassiz assumed, is conspicuous by its See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence . Darwin says, " It is See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth See also:

• NOTICE

notice that farmers in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil . . . are convinced that mares which have once See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne mules when subsequently put to horses are extremely liable to produce colts striped like a mule " (Animals and See also:

• PLANTS

Plants, vol. i. p . 436) . See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron de See also:

• PARANA

Parana, on the other hand, says, " I have many relatives and See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends who have large establishments for the rearing of mules, where they obtain from 400 to 1000 mules in a See also:

• YEAR

year . In all these establishments, after two or three crossings of the mare and ass, the breeders cause the mare to be put to a horse; yet a pure-bred foal has never been produced resembling either an ass or a mule." The prevalence of the belief in telegony at the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day is largely due to a case of supposed infection reported to the Royal Society in 182o by See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• MORTON, JAMES DOUGLAS, 4TH EARL OF (c. 1525-1581)
• MORTON, JOHN (c. 1420-1500)
• MORTON, JOHN MADDISON (1811-1891)
• MORTON, LEVI PARSONS (1824- )
• MORTON, OLIVER PERRY (1823-1877)
• MORTON, THOMAS (1564-1659)
• MORTON, THOMAS (c. 1590-1646)

Morton . A See also:

• CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

chestnut mare, after having a hybrid by a See also:

• QUAGGA, or COUAGGA

quagga, produced to a See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black Arabian horse three foals showing a number of stripes—in one more stripes were present than in the quagga hybrid . The more, however, the case so intimately associated with the name of Lord Morton is considered,, the less convincing is the evidence it affords in favour of " infection." Stripes are frequently seen in high-See also:

• CASTE (through the Fr. from Span. and Port. casta, lineage, Lat. cast us, pure)

caste Arab horses, and cross-bred colts out of Arab mares sometimes present far more distinct bars across the legs and other See also:

• ZEBRA

zebra-like markings than characterized the subsequent offspring of Lord Morton's seven-eighths Arabian mare .

In the absence of See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control experiments there is therefore no See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for assuming Lord Morton's chestnut mare would have produced less striped offspring had she been mated with the black Arabian before giving See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth to a quagga hybrid . To See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for the stripes on the subsequent foals, it is only necessary (now that the principles of cross-breeding are better understood) to assume that in the cross-bred chestnut mare there See also:

• LAY

lay latent the characteristics of the Kattiawar or other See also:

• INDIAN

Indian breeds, in which stripes commonly occur . Darwin and others having regarded Lord Morton's mare as affording very strong evidence in support of the infection hypothesis, it was considered some years ago desirable to repeat Lord Morton's experiment as accurately as possible . The quagga having become See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct, a number of mares were put to a richly striped Burchell zebra, and subsequently bred with Arab, thorough-bred and cross-bred sires . Other mares were used for control experiments . See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty mares put to a Burchell zebra produced seventeen hybrids, and subsequently twenty pure-bred foals . The mares used for control experiments produced ten pure-bred foals . Unlike Lord Morton's quagga hybrids, all the zebra hybrids were richly, and sometimes very distinctly, striped, some of them having far more stripes than their zebra See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent . Of the subsequent foals, three out of Highland mares presented indistinct markings at birth . But as equally distinct markings occurred on two pure-bred Highland foals out of mares which had never seen a zebra, it was impossible to ascribe the stripes on the foals See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born after zebra hybrids to infection of their respective dams . Further, the subsequent foals afforded no evidence of infection, either in the mane, tail, hoofs or disposition . Of the pure-bred foals, i.e. the foals by pure-bred sires out of mares which had never been mated with a zebra, two were striped at birth and one acquired stripes later—they were revealed as the foal's coat was See also:

• SHED

shed .

More-over, while the faint markings on the foals born after hybrids completely disappeared with the foals' coat, the stripes on the three pure-bred colts persisted . One of the permanently striped colts, a See also:

• BAY

bay, was out of a black See also:

• SHETLAND, or ZETLAND

Shetland mare by a black Shetland sire, one was by a dun See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian See also:

• PONY
• PONY (from the Lowland Scots powney, probably from 0. Fr. pouleriet, diminutive of poulain, a colt or foal; Late Lat. pullanus, Lat. pullus, a young animal)

pony out of a See also:

• ROAN (0. Fr. rouan, rouen; Ital. roano, rovano; perhaps connected with rufus, red)

roan-coloured Arab mare, while the third was by a Norwegian pony out of a See also:

• HALF

half-bred bay Arab mare . It has been asserted by believers in telegony that evidence of infection may. appear in the second though not present in the first See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation . By way of testing this See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption, a bay filly, the half-See also:

• SISTER

sister of a richly striped hybrid, was put to a cross-bred Highland pony, and a Highland mare, while See also:

• NURSING

nursing her hybrid foal, was put to a See also:

• COLT, SAMUEL (1814-1862)

colt the half-brother of a hybrid . The result was two fillies which in no single point either suggest a zebra or a zebra hybrid . Similar results having been obtained with horses and asses, there is no See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from the conclusion that the telegony tradition is not confirmed by such methodical investigations as were suggested some years ago by Professor Weismann (see Eossar See also:

• EWART, WILLIAM (1798-1869)

Ewart, The Penycuik Experiments, 1899) . Telegony in See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

Dogs.—Breeders of dogs are, if possible, more thoroughly convinced of the fact of telegony than breeders of horses . Nevertheless, See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• EVERETT
• EVERETT, ALEXANDER HILL (1790-1847)
• EVERETT, CHARLES CARROLL (1829-1900)
• EVERETT, EDWARD (1794–1865)

Everett See also:

• MILLAIS, SIR JOHN EVERETT (1829-1896)

Millais, a recognized authority, has boldly asserted that after nearly thirty years' experience, during which he made all sorts of experiments, he had never seen a case of telegony . Recent experiments support Millais's conclusion . Two of the purest breeds at the present day are the Scottish deerhound and the Dalmatian (spotted See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage-dog), A deerhound after having seven pups to a Dalmatian was put to a dog of her own breed . The result was five pups, which have grown into handsome hounds without the remotest See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion of the previous Dalmatian mate of their dam . A similar result was obtained with a deerhound first mated with a retriever .

Many accidental experiments on telegony are made annually with dogs . Two such experiments may be mentioned . A black-brindled Scottish terrier belonging to a famous breed had first a See also:

• LITTER (through O. Fr. litere or litiere, mod. litiere from Med. Lat. lectaria, classical lectica, lectus, bed, couch)

litter of pups to a See also:

• CURLY, JEAN NICOLAS (1774-1827)

curly-haired See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver-and-See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• COCKER, EDWARD (1631-1675)

cocker-spaniel . The pups were spaniel-like in build, and of a See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown-and-white See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour . Subsequently this terrier had pups to a black-brindled terrier . All the pure-bred pups were typical terriers, and evidence of their dam having escaped infection is the fact that three of them proved noted See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize-winners . The subject of the second undesigned experiment was a See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire-haired See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

fox-terrier . In this case the first sire was a white Pomeranian, the second a cross-bred Irish terrier . Having had ample opportunity of being " corrupted," the fox-terrier was mated with a prize dog of her own See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain . The result was three pups, all in make andmarkings pure terriers, and one of the three was 'regarded as an unusually See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good specimen of the breed . Experiments with See also:

• CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats, rabbits, mice, with See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep and cattle, with fowls and pigeons, like the experiments with horses and dogs, fail to afford any evidence that offspring inherit any of their characters from previous mates of the dam; i.e. they entirely fail to prove that a female animal is liable to be so influenced by her first mate that, however subsequently mated, the offspring will either in structure or disposition give some hint of the previous mate . In considering telegony it should perhaps be mentioned that some breeders not only believe the dam is liable to be "infected " by the sire, but also that the sire may acquire some of the characteristics of his mates .

This belief seems to be especially prevalent amongst breeders of cattle; but how, for example, a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-horned Highland See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull, used for See also:

• CROSSING

crossing with black hornless See also:

• GALLOWAY
• GALLOWAY, JOSEPH (1731-1803)
• GALLOWAY, THOMAS (1796-1851)

Galloway cows, could subsequently get Galloway-like calves out of pure Highland heifers it is impossible to imagine . In conclusion, it may be pointed out that it was only natural for breeders and physiologists in bygone days to account for some of their results by the " infection " hypothesis . Even now we know surprisingly little about the causes of variation, and not many years ago it was frequently asserted that there was no such thing as reversion or throwing back to an ancestor . But even were the See also:

• LAWS

laws of See also:

• HEREDITY

heredity and variation better under-stood, the fact remains that we know little of the origin of the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of our domestic animals . On the other hand, from the experiments of Mendel and others, we now know that cross-bred animals and plants may present all the characters of one of their pure-bred parents, and we also know that the offspring of what are regarded as pure-bred parents sometimes revert to remote, it may be quite different, ancestors . The better we understand the laws of heredity and variation, and the more we learn of the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the germ cells, the less need will there be to seek for explanations from telegony and other like doctrines . (J . C .