See also:

• TELEPATHY (Gr. rnXe, far, wan, feelings), or THOUGHT TRANSFERENCE

TELEPATHY (Gr. rnXe, far, wan, feelings), or THOUGHT TRANSFERENCE  , the See also:

• CONVEYANCE

conveyance of thoughts and feelings from mind to mind by other than the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary channels of sense . Although the word " See also:

• TELEPATHY (Gr. rnXe, far, wan, feelings), or THOUGHT TRANSFERENCE

telepathy " was first suggested by F . W . H . See also:

• MYERS, FREDERIC WILLIAM HENRY (1843-1901)

Myers in 1882, the See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long before been made that the transmission of ideas, images and sensations could be brought about by other than the normally operative motor and sensory apparatus of the See also:

• BODY

body . More than one writer had explained wraiths at the moment of See also:

• DEATH

death, See also:

• CLAIRVOYANCE (Fr. for " clear-seeing ")

clairvoyance and the phenomena of See also:

• SPIRITUALISM

spiritualism by the theory of " See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain waves." But it was not until the See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent of the Society for Psychical See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

Research that the See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis attracted much See also:

• NOTICE

notice or was backed by carefully collected See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence . As used by the society the See also:

• TERM

term is a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere designation, and implies no hypothesis as to " See also:

• ACTION

action at a distance " or the operation of any force not recognized by See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . The earliest recorded systematic experiments in thought transference were made in 1871 by the Rev . P . H. and Mrs . Newnham, and were continued for a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of some eight months with marked success; subsequent attempts showed no results of an evidential nature . A few years later the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Association was called to the subject by Prof .

W . F . See also:

• BARRETT, LAWRENCE (1838-1891)
• BARRETT, LUCAS (1837-1862)

Barrett, and from 1881 onwards many experiments were made by members of the S.P.R. and others; in fact, the so-called " willing See also:

• GAME

game " was at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time exceedingly popular; the successes, however, depended largely, if not entirely, upon muscle-See also:

• READING

reading, and usually ceased when there was no contact between See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent (the sender of the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea) and percipient (the See also:

• RECEIVER

receiver) . The systematic investigation has followed two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main lines: (A) experiments on persons, often in the hypnotic See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, in which the aim was to See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer selected images, &c., and compare the guesses with the results which See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance would give; (B) the collection and examination of records of phenomena such as See also:

• APPARITIONS

apparitions at the moment of death and other spontaneous cases in which there is a See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence between the psychical states of two individuals, usually remote in space from one another . The problems raised by the two cases are entirely different: (I) in A there is seldom any hallucinatory See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element (see HALLUCINATIONS), in B, though not essential, it is See also:

• PRESENT

present in a high percentage of cases; (2) what is transferred is in A an See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image kept before the mind, in B the phantasm of the dying See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person when that person has prima facie neither endeavoured to transfer this image nor, it may be, even thought of the percipient; (3) the desideratum in A has usually been to exclude normal methods of See also:

• PERCEPTION (from Lat. percipere, to perceive)

perception, in B the problem is to show that coincidence will not See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for the facts; for, whereas in A the relation of successes to failures is known, in B it is difficult to get See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics and to be sure that an abnormal number of successful cases do not figure in a See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census . See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

Side by side with See also:

• DIRECT

direct experimentation, the S.P.R. collected first-See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand records of apparitions at or within twelve See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours of the moment of death . These, together with a discussion of the experimental evidence, were issued in 1885 under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Phantasms of the Living . In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to provide a statistical basis for discussion of coincidental apparitions, a census of hallucinations was undertaken by See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund See also:

• GURNEY
• GURNEY, EDMUND (1847—1888)

Gurney, and replies were obtained from over 5000 persons . A defect of the collection in Phantasms is that the progressive deterioration of evidence with See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age is neglected . No narratives are regarded as evidential by the society unless they were reduced to See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing less than three years after the event or are based on notes made at the time . The second systematic See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to collect material was the census of hallucinations, initiated at the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of experimental See also:

• PSYCHOLOGY
• PSYCHOLOGY (>Guxrl, the mind or soul, and X yos, theory)

psychology of 1889, and entrusted to See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• SIDGWICK, HENRY (1838-1900)

Sidgwick . The See also:

• TOTAL

total number of persons who made returns was 17,000, of whom 1684 asserted that they had once or oftener experienced an See also:

• HALLUCINATION (from Lat. alucinari or allucinari, to wander in mind, Gr. a.)^i resty or hXvecv, from an, wandering)

hallucination .

See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

Analysis of the answers showed that in 350 cases the apparition was recognized; the See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability that any person will See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die on a given See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day is roughly r in 19,000: if therefore chance alone operated, one apparition in 19,000 would coincide with a death; after making all allowances for See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error, the census See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee found that 30 of the 350 recognized apparitions coincided with a death—in other words, cases prima facie telepathic were 440 times more numerous than chance coincidence would give . The committee reported that between deaths and apparitions of dying persons there exists a connexion which is not due to chance alone . The experimental evidence for telepathy is made up partly of the results of trials where direct transference of thoughts, images or sensations was attempted, partly of successes in hypnotization at a distance; dreams (q.v.) also provide some material; and in a small but important class of cases, transitional between wraiths and ordinary experimental cases, the agent has caused his phantasm to appear to the percipient . Among the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief experimenters may be mentioned Prof . M . See also:

• DESSOIR, LUDWIG (1810-1874)

Dessoir, Mr See also:

• GUTHRIE
• GUTHRIE, SIR JAMES (1859– )
• GUTHRIE, THOMAS (1803-1873)
• GUTHRIE, THOMAS ANSTEY (1856- )

Guthrie, See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• OLIVER, ISAAC (c. 1566--1617)
• OLIVER, PETER (1594-1648)

Oliver See also:

• LODGE
• LODGE, EDMUND (1756-1839)
• LODGE, H
• LODGE, HENRY CABOT (1850– )
• LODGE, SIR OLIVER JOSEPH (1851– )
• LODGE, THOMAS (c. 1558–1625)

Lodge and Prof . Sidgwick . In experiments conducted by the latter and Mrs Sidgwick at See also:

• BRIGHTON

Brighton with See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers as the See also:

• OBJECTS

objects to be guessed, 617 trials were made with the agent and percipients in the same See also:

• ROOM

room: the numbers were between ten and ninety, and ninety successes were recorded, the probable total, if chance alone had operated, being eight . In a later See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, conducted by Mrs Sidgwick, a similarly high proportion of successes was recorded; but when agent and percipients were in different rooms the results were not above what chance would give . These results were criticised by Prof . See also:

• LEHMANN, JOHANN GOTTLOB (?-1767)
• LEHMANN, PETER MARTIN ORLA (1810-187o)

Lehmann and others, but were not seriously shaken; it was pointed out that the failure of experiments at a distance might be due to psychological causes rather than to the fact that the increase of distance eliminated the possibility of communication by normal means . In subsequent experiments, however, the successes in no series of any length were so far above chance as to give substantial support to a belief in telepathy .

Experiments in hypnotization at a distance provide some of the most conclusive evidence for telepathy . In 1885 trials were made both by Dr See also:

• JANET, PAUL (1823—1899)

Janet and by Prof . Richet with the same subject . Out of twenty-five experiments the former held that nineteen were See also:

• COMPLETE

complete successes; Prof . Richet secured two successes and four partial successes in nine trials . The most striking point was that the hypnotic See also:

• TRANCE (through the French, from Lat. transitus, from transire, to cross, pass over)

trance always coincided with or followed at an See also:

• INTERVAL

interval the attempt to hypnotize the patient; this is a feature of much importance in considering the possibility of coincidence or of auto-suggestion . It is usually impossible to prove that a dying person has been thinking of the percipient; much less can we show that there was any idea of causing his phantasm to appear . There are, however, a small number of cases in which apparitions, of the agent or some other person, prima facie telepathic, have been produced experimentally . A singularly interesting instance is recorded by Wesermann, who tried the experiment in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PART

part of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century; he wished to make the phantasm of a See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady appear to a See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant, who was residing some See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles away; at the time of the experiment he was, owing to an unforeseen visit, not alone, and his visitor is said to have seen the apparition also . More recently, in cases recorded in Phantasms and the Census, the figure of the agent himself has been seen by the percipient . The so-called reciprocal cases are evidentially of much importance . Each of the two persons concerned appears to receive a telepathic impulse from the other, so that each receives See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information about the other, or See also:

• SEES

sees his phantasm .

Occasionally telepathic impressions from animals to human beings are reported, but the facts are usually far from well established . Telepathic communication has also been suggested as the explanation of the simultaneous movements of large flocks of birds . Various theories have been put forward to account for telepathy, but they only agree in the total lack of an experimental basis . Broadly speaking, they are divisible into physical and psychical . Sir W . See also:

• CROOKES, SIR WILLIAM (1832– )

Crookes suggests that transmission is effected by means of waves of smaller magnitude and greater frequency than those which constitute X rays . Undulations starting from See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous centres are adopted as the explanation by Prof . Flournoy and others . But Myers and others regard the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case against a physical explanation as complete . The main difficulty in the way of it is that the strength of the impulse does not seem, in the spontaneous cases, to vary with the distance, as by all physical See also:

• LAWS

laws it should . On the other hand, a curious phenomenon has been noted in experiments; if the percipient gaze at an arrow with its See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head turned to the right, there is a tendency, disproportionately strong if we suppose that chance alone operates, for the arrow to be seen reversed . This fact is, however, more important in all probability for the See also:

• LIGHT

light which it throws on the mechanism of hallucinations (q.v.) than on that of transmission .

Telepathy is often invoked as an explanation of the facts of mediumship (see See also:

• MEDIUM

MEDIUM, and See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

POSSESSION); but it seems insufficient to explain them unless we assume for the medium a far greater See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of reading other See also:

• PEOPLE

people's minds than experimental evidence has so far shown to exist .