TEMPLARS  . The Knights Templars, or Poor Knights of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ and of the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple of See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon (pauperes commilitones Christi templique Salomonici), formed one of the three See also:

• GREAT

great military orders, founded in the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Unlike the Hospitallers and the See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic Knights it was a military See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order from its very origin . Its founders were a Burgundian See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight named See also:

• HUGUES, CLOVIS (1851-1907)

Hugues de Payns 1 (See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo de Paganis) and Godeffroi de St Omer, a knight from See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, who in 1119 undertook the pious task of protecting the pilgrims who, after the first crusade, flocked to See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem and the other sacred spots in the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• LAND

Land . They were quickly joined by six other knights and soon afterwards organized themselves as a religious community, taking an See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath to the See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch of Jerusalem to guard the public roads, to forsake worldly See also:

• CHIVALRY (O. Fr. chevalerie, from Late Lat. caballerius)

chivalry, "of which human favour and not Jesus Christ was the cause," and, living in chastity, obedience and poverty, according to the See also:

• RULE

rule of St See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict, " to fight with a pure mind for the supreme and true See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King." To this nascent order of See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior monks See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

Baldwin I., king of Jerusalem, handed over a See also:

• PART

part of his royal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace lying next to the former See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque of al-Aksa, the so-called " Temple of Solomon," whence they took their name . They had at first no distinctive See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit, wearing any old clothes that might be given to them . Nor was their community exclusive . Their See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive rule seems to have enjoined them especially to seek out excommunicated knights, and to admit them, after See also:

• ABSOLUTION (Lat. absolutio from absolvo, loosen, acquit)

absolution by the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, to their order, and they thus served a useful purpose in at once disciplining and converting the unruly See also:

• RABBLE

rabble of " rogues and impious men, robbers and committers of See also:

• SACRILEGE

sacrilege, murderers, perjurers and adulterers "2 who streamed to the Holy Land in See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of See also:

• PLUNDER

plunder and salvation . It was this rule which led later to the most important See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of the order, the See also:

• IMMUNITY (from Lat. immunis, not subject to a munus or public service)

immunity from sentences of See also:

• EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

excommunication pronounced by bishops and See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish priests.' This practice, as See also:

• PRUTZ, HANS (1843– )
• PRUTZ, ROBERT EDUARD (1816-1872)

Prutz points out, might have brought them at once under the suspicion of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, and it soon became 1 A See also:

• FIEF

fief in See also:

• CHAMPAGNE

Champagne, near See also:

• TROYES

Troyes . 2 See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard of See also:

• CLAIRVAUX

Clairvaux, De laude novae militae, cap. v . (in See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne, See also:

• PATROL, (Fr. patrouiller, connected with pane, foot)

Patrol. See also:

• LAT

lat . 182, p .

928) . ' Prutz, See also:

• TERN (Norsk taerne, tende or tende; Swedish tarna; Dutch Stern1)

Tern plerherrenorden, p . 12 . The Latin copy of the Rule (Bibliotheque Nationale) reads " Milites non excommunicates" for " chevaliers escomenies"; which means, according to Prutz, that when the Latin version was made the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original significance of the rule had been forgotten . M. de Curzon (Regle du Temple, p. iv.), on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, assumes that the Latin See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text represents the original rules See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up in 1128 and that the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French version is a corrupt copy . That Prutz is right would seem to be shown not only by the reasonableness of the rule in itself (why should the Templars be instructed to look out for gatherings of non-excommunicated knights?) but by the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of cap. v. of the De laude novae militae, in which Bernard extols the knights for turning the enemies of Christ into his soldiers (ut quos See also:

• DIU

diu pertulit oppugnatores maxis jam See also:

• PRO

pro pugnatores habere incipiat; faciatque de See also:

• HOSTE, SIR WILLIAM (178o-1828)

hoste militem).expedient to obtain the highest See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction for the new order and its rules . In the autumn of 1127 accordingly Hugues de Payns, with certain companions, appeared in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, where he was fortunate enough to secure the enthusiastic support of the all-powerful See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot of Clairvaux . Grateful pilgrims had already begun to enrich the order; the De laude novae militae, a glowing See also:

• PANEGYRIC

panegyric of this new and holy conception of See also:

• KNIGHTHOOD

knighthood, ad-dressed by Bernard to Hugues de Payns by name, insured the success of his See also:

• MISSION

mission . In 1128 the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of Troyes discussed and sanctioned the rule of the order which, if not drawn up by Bernard, was undoubtedly largely inspired by him.' Rule of the Temple.—No MS. of the original French Rule of the Temple (Regle du Temple) exists . Of the three extant See also:

• MSS

MSS. representing later recensions, one is preserved at the Accademia dei Lincei at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome (See also:

• COD

Cod . 44, A 14), one at the Bibliotheque Nationale (fonds See also:

• FRANCAIS, ANTOINE, COUNT (1756-1836)

francais 1977), the third in the departmental archives at See also:

• DIJON

Dijon (H . I11) .

The last of these, probably intended for the use of the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of a subordinate See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, is much abbreviated; it See also:

• DATES

dates, however, from the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early part of the 13th century, whereas the others are of the end of the century at earliest . In essentials these copies preserve the See also:

• MATTER

matter and spirit of the primitive Rule, and they prove that to the end the order was, in pnnciple at least, submitted to the same strict discipline as at the beginning.' The Regle du Temple in its final See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form as we now possess it contains the rules for the constitution and See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of the order; the duties and privileges of the various classes of its personnel; the monastic rules, regulations as to See also:

• COSTUME
• COSTUME (through the Fr. costume, from Ital. costume, Late Lat. costuma, a contracted form of Lat. consuetudinem, ace. of consuetudo, custom, habit, manner, &c.)

costume and as to religious services; rules for the holding of chapters, and a See also:

• SUMMARY

summary of offences and their See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment; the See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure at the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of a See also:

• GRAND

grand master and at receptions into the order; a See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition of the relations of the order to the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope, and to other religious orders . It must be See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne in mind, however, that the organization of the order as described below was only gradually See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, not having been fixed at Troyes . At first the master of the Temple at Jerusalem was only one among many; the See also:

• SENESCHAL (the O. Fr. form, mod. senechal, of the Low Lat. senescalcus, a word of Teutonic origin, meaning " old or senior servant," Goth. sini- old; cf. Lat. senex and stalks, servant; Du Cange's derivation from seneste, flock, herd, must be rejected)

seneschal and See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal appear not to have existed; and it was not till the See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull Omne datum optimum of Pope See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander III . (1163), the great See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of the order, that its organization was definitively centralized . Constitution.—As finally constituted, the order consisted of (I) knights (fratres milites), (2) chaplains (fratres capellani), (3) serjeants or esquires (fratres servientes armigeri), (4) menials and crafts-men (fratres servientes famuli and officii) . All were See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound by the rules of the order and enjoyed its privileges . See also:

• WOMEN

Women were not admitted to the order.' I . At the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the order was the master of the Temple at Jerusalem (in See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus after the fall of the Latin See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom), known as the grand master . His authority was very great—except in certain reserved cases his word was See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law—but he was not See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute . Thus in matters of See also:

• SPECIAL

special importance—See also:

• ALIENATION (from Lat. alienus, belonging to another)

alienation of the estates of the order, attack on a fortress, See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, conclusion of an See also:

• ARMISTICE (from Lat. arma, arms, and sistere, to stop)

armistice, reception of a new See also:

• BROTHER

brother—he had to consult the See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter, and was bound by the See also:

• VOTE

vote of the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority; nor could he modify or abrogate a See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of the council of the order wifhout their consent . He had to obtain the consent of the chapter also to the nomination of the grand commanders of the provinces of the order; the lesser offices were absolutely in his See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift .

He was elected by a complicated See also:

• PROCESS

process, a chapter summoned ad hoc electing a "See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of the election" and one other brother who, after See also:

• VIGIL (Lat. vigilia, "watch ")

vigil and See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer, co-opted two more, these four choosing another two, and so on till the number of the twelve apostles had been reached . A See also:

• CHAPLAIN

chaplain, representing Jesus Christ, was then added to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete the electoral See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college (see Curzon, Regle du Temple, p. See also:

• XXXV

xxxv).7 The grand master was allowed four horses for his See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary use . His See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household consisted of a See also:

• FRATER, FRATER HOUSE

frater capellanus, a cleric, a frater serviens with two horses, a Saracen secretary (ecrivain sarrazinois) 3 Bernard was not See also:

• PRESENT

present at the council . But the " humble escrivain " of the Regle du Temple, Johan Michiel, writes See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par le comandement dou concile et dou See also:

• VENERABLE (Lat. venerabilis, worthy of reverence, venerari, to reverence, to worship, allied to Venus, love; the Indo-Germ. root is wen-, to desire, whence Eng. " win, properly to struggle for, hence to gain)

venerable Pere Belmar' See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

abbe: de Clerevaus." Compare the rule also with the chapter (iii.) of the De laude: De militibus Christi . ' Of a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret Rule, in spite of the most diligent See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research, no trace has ever been found . It is now generally held that none ever existed . The See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend of its existence, so fatal to the order, is probably traceable to the fact that the complete Rule was jealously guarded by the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office-bearers of the order, only excerpts being given to the heads of the lesser houses (e.g. the Dijon MS.) and known generally to the knights . 6 Rule 70 . Perillouse See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose est compaignie de feme, que le deable ancien par compaignie de feme a degete pluisors dou See also:

• DROIT (Fr. for " right," from Lat. directus, straight)

droit sentier de paradis . It is interesting to compare this with the more wholesome view of the best of the contemporary chivalrous poets, e.g . See also:

• WALTHER, BERNHARD (1430-15o4)

Walther von der Vogelweide or Wolfram von Eschenbach (Parzival), who hold up true love as the highest earthly incentive to See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble deeds . 7 The bull Omne datum optimum (1163) decreed that the master must be a knight of the order who had taken the vows, and vested the election exclusively in the knights .

as interpreter, a turcople, i.e. a soldier belonging to the See also:

• LIGHT

light-See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse attached to the order, a See also:

• FARRIER

farrier and a See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

cook, two footmen (garcons a pied) to look after his special Turcoman horse, only used in war See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . He was further attended by two knights of the order of high See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank . The ensigns of his presence on See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign were the large See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round See also:

• TENT

tent and the gonfanon baucent, the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• PENNANT, THOMAS (1726-1798)

pennant, charged with the red See also:

• CROSS

cross of the order . 2 . The second officer of the Temple was the seneschal . He had a right to attend all chapters, even the most secret . His equipage, tent, banner and See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal were the same as the master's . Attached to his See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person were two squires, a knight See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion, a frater serviens, a secretary in See also:

• DEACON (Gr. S&& ovos, minister, servant)

deacon's orders to say the See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours, a turcople, a Saracen secretary and two See also:

• FOOT

foot servants . 3 . Third in order was the marshal, who was supreme military authority, and had under his See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge the horses and arms . In the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of master and seneschal he acted as locum tenens . His equipage and See also:

• SUITE (Suite de pieces; Ordre; Partita)

suite were much the same as those of master and seneschal .

The provincial marshals were absolute in their provinces, but subordinate to the marshal of the order . The commander of the land and See also:

• REALM

realm of Jerusalem was grand treasurer of the order, administered its estates in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Jerusalem, and was responsible for the lodging of the brethren . He also had charge of the See also:

• FLEET

fleet, the commander of the See also:

• PORT

port of See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

Acre being his subordinate . His equipage and suite were much the same as those of seneschal and marshal . The commander of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Jerusalem was the hospitaller of the order . He was charged with the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of pilgrims visiting the Holy Land, and with the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of supplying them with See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food and horses . Ten knights were specially attached to him for this purpose, and to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as guard to the See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of the True Cross . Subordinate to him was a second commander for the city itself . The commanders of See also:

• TRIPOLI
• TRIPOLI (Tarabulus el-Gharb, i.e. Tripoli of the West)
• TRIPOLI, or TARABULUS (anc. Tripolis)

Tripoli and See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch enjoyed all the rights of the grand master within their provinces, except when he was present . They too had the round tent and the gonfanon . Besides these, the rule mentions the commanders of France, See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, See also:

• POITOU

Poitou, See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, See also:

• APULIA (sometimes APPULIa in manuscripts but never in inscriptions)

Apulia and See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, whose rights and privileges are analogous to those of the commanders above mentioned.' Lastly, of the great See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of the order must be mentioned the drapier, who was charged with the supervision of the clothing of the brethren . He was closely associated with the commander of the kingdom of Jerusalem, his equipage was that of the commanders, but his suite included a number of tailors .

Below the great dignitaries there were in the provinces commanders of houses, under the provincial commanders, and the commanders of the knights, who acted as lieutenants of the marshals . Turning to the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• BODY

body of the order: the knights (willies) were entitled to three horses and a See also:

• SQUIRE

squire, or by special favour to four horses and two squires . They had two tents . Of the serjeants (servientes) five occupied an exceptional position: the See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy-marshals (souz-mareschau), who looked after the arms and See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour, the gonfanonier, who was responsible for the discipline and catering of the squires, the See also:

• KITCHENER, HORATIO HERBERT KITCHENER, VISCOUNT (1850- )

kitchener (cuisinier) and the farrier . These had two horses, a squire and a tent . All the others, even if commanders of houses, had but one horse . At the head of all the serjeants in time of war was the turcoplier, the chief of the turcopies . He had four horses in his equipage and certain special prerogatives; in See also:

• BATTLE

battle he took his orders only from the master or seneschal . Of See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar importance were the chaplains (fratres capellani) . These did not originally form part of the order, which was served by priests from outside . The bull Omne datum optimum of 1163 imposed on clerics attaching themselves to the order an oath of See also:

• LIFE

life-See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long obedience to the grand master; by the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 13th century the chaplains took the same oath as the other See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers and were distinguished from them only by their orders and the privileges these implied (e.g. they were spared the more humiliating punishments, shaved the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face, and had a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup to drink out of) . The order thus had its own See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, exempt from the See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction of diocesan bishops and parish priests, owing obedience to the grand master and the pope alone .

By the rules, no Templar was allowed to confess to any See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest attached to the order, if one were available, and such priest was formally declared to have received from the pope more See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to absolve than an See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop.' It remains to be said that the brethren were admitted either for life or for a See also:

• TERM

term of years . Married men were also received, but on See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of bequeathing one See also:

• HALF

half of their See also:

• PROPERTY

property to the order (rule 69) . The chapters of. the order were either secret, composed of such brothers as the master might esteem " See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise and profitable for 1 The titles varied . The provincial commander is " Master " or " Grand See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

Prior " or " Grand See also:

• PRECEPTOR

Preceptor " under him are " priors " over large estates, and under them " preceptors " of houses . Preceptors took their name from the See also:

• MANDATE (Mandatum)

mandate of the master issued to them: " Praecipimus tibi . 2 Rule 269 . . . See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

Car it en ont greignor povir de l'apostoile (i.e. the pope) d'eaus assoudee que un arcevesque (Curzon, p . 165).giving See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice, " or general assemblies of the order, at the discretion of the master, who was to listen to the counsel given and do what seemed best to him (rule 36) . Habit of the Order.—The characteristic habit of the order was the white See also:

• MANTLE

mantle, symbolic of purity, with the red cross, the See also:

• ENSIGN (through the Fr. enseigne from the Latin plural insignia)

ensign of the champions of the Church, first granted by Pope See also:

• EUGENIUS

Eugenius III . (1145-53) . Only the unmarried knights bound by life-long vows, however, were privileged to See also:

• WEAR

wear the white mantle, which was also given to chaplains in episcopal orders .

The See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest wore a black or See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown mantle, the red cross being See also:

• COMMON

common to all . The chaplains were distinguished by wearing the mantle closed . Conduct and Discipline.—The brethren were to attend daily services; but the soldier outwearied with his nightly duties might on certain conditions absent himself from See also:

• MATINS (Fr. matins, med. Lat. matutinae, sc. possibly vigiliae, morning watches; from matutinus, " belonging to the morning ")

matins with the master's consent . Two See also:

• REGULAR

regular meals were allowed for each See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day; but to these might be added, at the master's discretion, a light See also:

• COLLATION (Lat. collatio, from conferre, to bring together or compare)

collation towards sunset . See also:

• MEAT

Meat might be eaten thrice a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week; and on other days there was to be a choice of See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable fare so as to suit the tenderest See also:

• STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

stomach . Brethren were to eat by couples, each keeping an See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye on his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow to see that he did not practise an undue austerity . See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

Wine was served at every See also:

• MEAL

meal, and at those times silence was strictly enjoined that the words of Holy See also:

• WRIT (O. Eng. gewrit, writ, from writan, to write)

Writ might be heard with the closest See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention . 3 Special care was to be taken of aged and ailing members . Every brother owed the most absolute obedience to the master of the order, and was to go wherever his See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior bade him without delay, " as if commanded by See also:

• GOD

God." All undue display in arms or See also:

• HARNESS (from O. Fr. harneis or harnois; the ultimate origin is obscure; the Celtic origin which connects it with the Welsh haiarn, iron, has phonetic and other difficulties; the French is the origin of the Span. arnes, and Ger. Harnisch)

harness was forbidden . Parti-coloured garments were forbidden . All garments were to be made of See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool; but from Eastei to All Souls a See also:

• LINEN

linen See also:

• SHIRT

shirt might be substituted for one of wool . The See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair was to be worn See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, and a rough See also:

• BEARD (A.S. beard, O. H. and Mod. Ger. Bart, Dan. beard, Icel. bar, rim, edge, beak of a ship, &c., O. Slay. barda, Russ. barodd. Cf. Welsh barf, Lat.. barba, though, according to the New English Dictionary, the connexion is for phonetic reasons doubtful)
• BEARD, WILLIAM HOLBROOK (1825-1900)

beard became one of the distinguishing marks of the order .

See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

Hunting and hawking were unlawful; and the very allusion to the follies or See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular achievements of earlier life was forbidden . A See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion, however, being the type of the evil one, was legitimate See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey . Strict See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch was kept on the incomings and outgoings of every brother, except when he went out by See also:

• NIGHT

night to visit the See also:

• SEPULCHRE, CANONS REGULAR OF THE HOLY
• SEPULCHRE, EASTER
• SEPULCHRE, THE HOLY

Sepulchre of our See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord . No See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter, even from the nearest relative, might be opened except in the master's presence; nor was any member to feel annoyance if he saw his relative's gift transferred at the master's bidding to some other brother . The brethren were to See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep in separate beds in shirts and breeches, with a light always burning in the See also:

• DORMITORY (Lat. dormitorium, a sleeping place)

dormitory . Those who lacked a See also:

• MATTRESS (O.Fr. materas, mod. matelas; the origin is the Arab. al-materah, cushion, whence Span. and Port. almadraque, Ital. materasso)

mattress might See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place a piece of See also:

• CARPET

carpet on the See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor; but all luxury was discouraged . A term of See also:

• PROBATION

probation was assigned to each See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate before ad-mission; and a special clause discouraged the reception of boys before they were of an See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear arms.' Lastly, the brethren of the Temple were exhorted to shun the See also:

• KISS

kiss of every woman, whether maid or widow, See also:

• MOTHER

mother, aunt or See also:

• SISTER

sister . For grievous offences, such as See also:

• DESERTION

desertion to the See also:

• SARACENS

Saracens, See also:

• HERESY

heresy, losing the See also:

• GONFALON (the late French and Italian form, also found in other Romanic languages, of gonfanon, which is derived from the O.H. Ger. gundfano, gund, war, and fano, flag, cf. Mod. Ger. Fahne, and English " vane ")

gonfalon, murdering a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian, or failing to See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for all the property of the order in his See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession, a Templar might be expelled (perdre la maison); for See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor offences, such as disobedience, lowering the banner in battle, or killing a slave or a horse, he suffered a temporary degradation (perdre son abit) . No member of another religious order was received by the Templars, and no Templar could leave the order without permission of the master, and then only on condition of joining a stricter monastic community . By mutual agreement the Templars and Hospitallers, despite their long and deadly See also:

• FEUD

feud, were bound not to receive ejected members of the See also:

• RIVAL

rival order; and the Templar cut off in battle and defeat from all hope of rejoining his own ranks might rally to the cross of St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—Long before St Bernard's See also:

• DEATH

death (1153) the new order was established in almost every kingdom of Latin Christendom . See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry I. granted them lands in See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy .

They seemed to have been settled in See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile by 1129, in Rochelle by 1131, in See also:

• LANGUEDOC

Languedoc by 1136, at Rome by 1138, in See also:

• BRITTANY

Brittany by 1141, and in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany at perhaps a still earlier date . See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso I. of See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon and See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre, if we may See also:

• TRUST

trust the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish historians, bequeathed them the third of his kingdom spread (See also:

• MARIANA, JUAN DE (1536-1624)

Mariana, x. c . 9) . See also:

• RAYMOND, HENRY JARVIS (1820-1869)

Raymond Berengar IV., See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of of the See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona, and Alphonso's successor in Aragon, whose order See also:

• FATHER

father had been admitted to the order, granted them the strong See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Monzon (1143), and established a new chivalry in See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of theirs . See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis VII. in the latter years of his reign gave them a piece of See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

marsh land outside See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, which in later times became known as the Temple, and was the headquarters 3 The See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible was read in a French See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation . A MS. of a Templar Bible, exhibiting curious touches of the See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical spirit, is now in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris . See Prutz, Templerherrenerden, p . 116 . This rule was not observed later on, postulants being admitted without any See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of noviciate, and among the Templars arrested in 1307 were many See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young boys . of the order in Europe.' See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen of England granted them the manors of Cressing and See also:

• WITHAM

Witham in See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex, and his wife See also:

• MATILDA (1046-1115)
• MATILDA (1102-1164)

Matilda that of See also:

• COWLEY, ABRAHAM (1618-1667)
• COWLEY, HANNAH (1743-1809)
• COWLEY, HENRY RICHARD CHARLES WELLESLEY

Cowley, near See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford . Eugenius III., Louis VII., and 130 brethren were present at the Paris chapter (1147) when Bernard de Balliol granted the order 15 librates of land near See also:

• HITCHIN

Hitchin; and the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of See also:

• ENGLISH

English benefactors under Stephen and Henry II. includes the noble names of See also:

• FERRERS
• FERRERS, LAURENCE SHIRLEY, 4TH EARL (1720-1760)

Ferrers, See also:

• HARCOURT
• HARCOURT, SIMON HARCOURT, 1ST VISCOUNT (c. 1661-1727)
• HARCOURT, SIR WILLIAM GEORGE GRANVILLE VENABLES VERNON (1827-1904)
• HARCOURT, WILLIAM VERNON (1789-1871)

Harcourt, See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings, See also:

• LACY, FRANZ MORITZ, COUNT (1725-1801)
• LACY, HARRIETTE DEBORAH (1807-1874)
• LACY, MICHAEL ROPHINO (1795–1867)

Lacy, See also:

• CLARE
• CLARE, JOHN (1793-1864)
• CLARE, JOHN FITZGIBBON, 1ST EARL OF (1749-1802)

Clare, See also:

• VERE
• VERE, SIR FRANCIS (1560-1609)