See also:

• TERN (Norsk taerne, tende or tende; Swedish tarna; Dutch Stern1)

TERN (Norsk taerne, tende or tende; See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish tarna; Dutch Stern1)  , the name now applied generally to a See also:

• GROUP

group of See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-birds, "Starn " was used in See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk in the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century as a name for the See also:

• BIRD

bird commonly known as the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• TERN (Norsk taerne, tende or tende; Swedish tarna; Dutch Stern1)

tern, thus confirming See also:

• TURNER, CHARLES (1773–1857)
• TURNER, JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM (1775–1851)
• TURNER, NAT (1800-1831)
• TURNER, SHARON (1768-1847)
• TURNER, SIR JAMES (1615–1686)
• TURNER, WILLIAM (d. 1568)

Turner, who, in 1544, describes what seems to have been the same ae• -•:—' er_ .''r formation of workers, of neoteinic forms, or of soldiers, the last passing through the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young worker . He attributes this deviation, which may take See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at various periods, to the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food, and attaches See also:

• SPECIAL

special importance to the salivary food . The soldiers have no wings; nevertheless a larva, or young nymph that has the rudiments of wings, can be made into a soldier . Grassi has found juvenile specimens that have already assumed the soldier See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, although they possess the rudiments of wings . It appears from his observations that the worker may be considered as a form with arrested development, and the soldier as a form with arrested and much diverted development, while the neoteinic forms are individuals in which the reproductive See also:

• ORGANS

organs are perfectly See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, while some of the bodily structures have suffered See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest of development and even some amount of See also:

• ATROPHY (Gr. It- priv., rpo4, nourishment)

atrophy . The soldier form of See also:

• TERMITE

termite presents most difficult questions to the biologist, its special structures bearing no approximation to any characters possessed by the parents . Various theories have been proposed to See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for this fact, but they are See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere guesses . We may, however, mention that it is possible that soldiers and workers occasionally produce young . This has never been actually observed, but specimens have been found with the sexual organs partially developed, and F . Silvestri has recorded the occurrence of workers with some of the characters of the See also:

• FEMALES

females, in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America, in a See also:

• NEST

nest of Termes st•unchii . the sub-See also:

• FAMILY

family Sterninae of the gulls or Laridae, but, according to P . J .

See also:

• SELBY
• SELBY, WILLIAM COURT GULLY

Selby, properly belonging,. at least in the Fame Islands, to the See also:

• SPECIES

species known by the See also:

• BOOK

book-name of See also:

• SANDWICH
• SANDWICH, EDWARD MONTAGU, or MOUNTAGU, 1ST EARL OF (1625–1672)
• SANDWICH, JOHN MONTAGU, 4TH EARL OF (1718–1792)

Sandwich tern, all the others being those called sea-swallows—a name still most commonly given to the whole group throughout See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain from their See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long wings, forked tail and marine See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit . In F . See also:

• WILLUGHBY, FRANCIS (1635—1672)

Willughby's Ornithologia (1676), however, the word tern is used for more than one species, and, though it does not appear in the older See also:

• ENGLISH

English dictionaries; it may well have been from See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early times as See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general a name as it is now . Setting aside those which are but occasional visitors to the See also:

• BRITISH

British Islands, six species of terns may be regarded as indigenous, though of them one has ceased from ordinarily breeding in the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom, while a second has become so rare and regularly appears in so few places that mention of them must for prudence See also:

• SAKE

sake be avoided . This last is the beautiful roseate tern, Sterna dougalli; the other is the black tern, Hydrochelidon See also:

• NIGRA, COSTANTINO, COUNT (1828-1907)

nigra, belonging to a genus in which the toes are only See also:

• HALF

half-webbed, of small See also:

• SIZE

size and dark leaden-See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey plumage . It is without doubt the Sterna of Turner, and in former days was abundant in many parts of the fen See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country,l to say nothing of other districts . Though nearly all its See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient abodes have been drained, and for its purposes sterilized these many years past, not a See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring comes but it shows itself in small companies in the eastern counties of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, evidently seeking a breeding-place . All around the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast the diminution in the See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of the remaining species of terns is no less deplorable than demonstrable . The Sandwich tern, S. cantiaca—named from the place of its See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery, though it has long since ceased to inhabit that neighbourhood—is the largest of the British species, equalling in size the smaller gulls and having a dark-coloured See also:

• BILL

bill tipped with yellow, and dark legs . Through persecution' it has been exterminated in all its See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern haunts, and is become much scarcer in those to which it still resorts . It was, however, never so abundant as its smaller congeners, the so-called See also:

• COMMON

common and the See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

arctic tern—two species that are so nearly alike as to be beyond discrimination on the wing by an See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary observer, and even in the See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand require a somewhat See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close examination ? The former of these has the more southern range, and often affects inland situations, while the latter, though by no means limited to the Arctic circle, is widely distributed over the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and mostly resorts to the sea-coast .

Yet there are localities where, as on the Farne Islands, both meet and breed, without occupying stations apart . The See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute diagnosis of these two species cannot be briefly given . It must suffice here to See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state that the most certain difference, as it is the most easily recognizable, is to be found in the See also:

• TARSUS (mod. Tersous)

tarsus, which in the arctic tern is a See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of an See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch shorter than in its kinsman . The remaining native species is the lesser tern, S. minuta, one of the smallest of the genus and readily to be distinguished by its permanently See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white forehead . All the species already mentioned, except the black tern, have much the same general coloration species as " nostrati lingua sterna appellata." In at least one instance the word has been confounded with one of the old forms of the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• STARLING (0. Eng. staer steam, and slerlyng; Lat. surnus; Fr. etourneau)

STARLING (q.v.) . To Turner's name, repeated by See also:

• GESNER
• GESNER, ABRAHAM (1797-1864)
• GESNER, JOHANN MATTHIAS (1691—1761)

Gesner and other authors, we owe the introduction .by See also:

• LINNAEUS

Linnaeus of Sterna into scientific nomenclature . " Ikstern " is another Dutch form of the word . 1 It was known there as can-See also:

• SWALLOW (A. S. swalewe, Icel. svala, Du. zwaluw, Ger. Schwalbe)

swallow, carr-See also:

• CROW (Dutch, kraal, Ger. Krdhe, Fr. corbeau, Lat. corvus)

crow (corrupted into " scarecrow "), and See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue See also:

• DAR

dar (qu.=daw?) . 2 Linnaeus's diagnosis of his Sterna hirundo points to his having had an " arctic " tern before him; but it is certain that he did not suspect that specific appellation (already used by other writers for the " common " tern) to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover a second species . Some modern authorities disregard his name as being insufficiently definite, and much is to be said for this view of the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case . Undoubtedly " hirundo " has now been used so indiscriminately for one species or the other as to cause confusion, which is perhaps best avoided by adopting the epithets of See also:

• NAUMANN, GEORG AMADEUS CARL FRIEDRICH (1797-1873)

Naumann (See also:

• ISIS (Egyptian Ese)

Isis, 1819, pp . 1847, 1848), who, acting on and confirming the discovery of See also:

• NITZSCH, GREGOR WILHELM (179x-1861)
• NITZSCH, KARL IMMANUEL (1787-1868)

Nitzsch (who first detected the specific See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences), called the southern species S. fluvial-Ws and the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern S. macrura .

Temminck's name S. aretica, applied to the latter a See also:

• YEAR

year afterwards, has, however, been most generally used for it.the adults in summer plumage wearing a black cap and having the upper parts of the See also:

• BODY

body and wings of a more or less See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale grey, while they are mostly lighter beneath . They generally breed in association, often in the closest proximity—their nests, containing three eggs at most, being made on the See also:

• SHINGLE

shingle or among herbage . The young are hatched clothed in variegated down, and remain in the nest for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . At this See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season the parents are almost regardless of human presence and expose themselves freely . At least half-a-dozen other species have been recorded as occurring in British See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters, and among them the See also:

• CASPIAN

Caspian tern, S. caspia, which is one of the largest of the genus and of wide See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution, though not breeding nearer to the shores of England than on See also:

• SYLT (probably from the O. Fris. Silendi, i.e. sealand)

Sylt and its neighbouring islands, which still afford lodgings for a few pairs . Another, the See also:

• GULL (Welsh gwylan, Breton, goelann, whence Fr. goeland)
• GULL, SIR WILLIAM WITHEY

gull billed tern, S. anglica, has also been not infrequently shot in England . All these species are now recognized—though the contrary was once maintained—as inhabitants of North America, and many go much farther . S. forsteri is the North See also:

• AMERICAN

American, and S. melanogaster the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian tern . Terns are found all over the See also:

• WORLD

world, and among See also:

• EXOTIC (Gr. EWTIK6s, foreign, from few, outside)

exotic forms may be particularly mentioned the various species of See also:

• NODDY

noddy (q.v.) . Often confounded with these last are the two species called in books sooty terns (S. fuliginosa and S. anaestheta), but by sailors " See also:

• EGG (O.E. aeg, cf. Ger. Ei, Swed. aegg, and prob. Gr. u,ov, Lat. ovum)
• EGG, AUGUSTUS LEOPOLD (1816-1863)

egg-birds " or " wide-awakes " from their cry . These See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd at certain seasons in innumerable multitude to certain islands within the tropics, where they breed, and the wonderful assemblage known as " wide-awake See also:

• FAIR

fair " on the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• ASCENSION
• ASCENSION, FEAST OF THE

Ascension has been more or less fully described from very ancient times . W .

See also:

• DAMPIER, WILLIAM (1652-1715)

Dampier in his voyage to New See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland in 1699 particularly described and figured the sooty tern (Voyages, iii. p . 142), discriminating it from the noddy, from which it had not before been distinguished . (A .