See also:

• TETANUS (from Gr. rei:vw, I stretch, on account of the tension of the fibres of the affected muscles), or LOCKJAW

TETANUS (from Gr. rei:vw, I stretch, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the tension of the See also:

• FIBRES
• FIBRES (or FIBERS, in American spelling; from Lat. fibra, apparently connected either with filum, thread, or findere, to split)

fibres of the affected muscles), or LOCKJAW  , a disease caused by the bacilli Tetani (see PARASITIC DISEASES) . The See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of these bacilli is the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, and so it comes about that if a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man is thrown off his See also:

• BICYCLE (from prefix bi = twice, and Gr. KuKXOr, a circle, wheel)

bicycle and grazes his ungloved See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand. upon the road, or See also:

• RUNNING

running without shoes cuts his See also:

• FOOT

foot, there is a considerable See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of the bacilli entering the See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound and giving him lockjaw . It is popularly thought that wounds in the region of the thumb are most often followed by the disease, but this is not a fact . Wounds about the thumb are of See also:

• COMMON

common occurrence, but they are not, in proportion, more often the starting point of See also:

• TETANUS (from Gr. rei:vw, I stretch, on account of the tension of the fibres of the affected muscles), or LOCKJAW

tetanus . Acute traumatic tetanus is very deadly, and up to the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time nothing has been discovered to check or See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide its almost certainly fatal course . It often picks out the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young and vigorous as its victims—the See also:

• ATHLETE (Gr. aOX177'7r; Lat. athleta)

athlete, for instance, who meets with some mishap in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field or on the road, the gardener who pricks his hand, the swimmer who cuts his foot, the wounded soldier on the field of See also:

• BATTLE

battle . The violent See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular contractions are distressingly painful; and the See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain remaining perfectly clear throughout, the unhappy individual feels that the See also:

• VICE

vice-like gripping of his muscles is steadily exhausting him and bringing him down . The spasms of tetanus differ from those caused by the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of See also:

• STRYCHNINE

strychnine in that the muscles are all the time hard from. rigid contraction, the acute spasmodic attacks being superadded, as it were . In poisoning by strychnine the muscles are quite relaxed between the spasmodic attacks . Tetanus may follow a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere prick or scratch or a severe surgical operation . It not seldom complicates See also:

• BURNS, JOHN (1858– )
• BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796)
• BURNS, SIR GEORGE

burns, gunshot wounds and injuries caused by the untimely See also:

• EXPLOSION

explosion of See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-See also:

• WORKS

works . It may be met with in the woman in See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child-See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed or in the newly-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant .

But wherever it occurs it is due to the one cause—to the reception into some wounded See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the specific germs . In hot countries tetanus is more common and more acute than it is in temperate climes, and a See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case has been recorded in which a man in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies cut his hand on a broken See also:

• PLATE

plate at See also:

• DINNER

dinner and was dead of tetanus before the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day was out . It is easy to see that the germs are more likely to undergo virulent cultivation in warm earth than in See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold . It was formerly the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom to speak of idiopathic tetanus—that is to say, of the disease occurring without any wound having been received . But See also:

• MODERN

modern teaching is to the effect that there must have been some wound, however slight, by which the germs found entrance . Rheumatic tetanus is as unreal a disease as that just mentioned . The germs themselves do not wander from the wound to multiply in the See also:

• BLOOD

blood as in infecting diseases, but remaining at the wound elaborate a terribly poisonous substance (a toxin) which makes its way along the See also:

• NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve-trunks to the See also:

• SPINAL

spinal See also:

• CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord . Even prompt amputation, however, is likely to prove ineffectual as regards cure, for the germs in the wound have in this growth set See also:

• FREE

free so virulent a See also:

• POISON

poison (toxin) that the nerves of the voluntary muscles all over the See also:

• BODY

body are hopelessly under its See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . The first symptom of the disease is discomfort in the back of the See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck; the man waking up in the See also:

• MORNING

morning, for instance, complains of " stiff neck " and of obscure pains, and, wonders if he has been lying in a See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught . Then the muscles of the See also:

• JAW (Mid. Eng. jawe, jowe and geowe, O. Eng. cheowan, connected with " chaw " and " chew," and in form with " jowl ")

jaw and of the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face become affected, there being a difficulty opening the mouth, and the corners of the mouth are See also:

• DRAWN

drawn downwards and backwards, and fixed in that position (risus sardonicus) . The jaw is so firmly set that it is impossible to pass anything between the See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth . All See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food, therefore, has to be fluid, and being poured into the pouch of the cheek, finds its way into the mouth by the serviceable See also:

• GAP

gap which exists behind the See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom-teeth .

Soon, however, a difficulty in swallowing comes on because of the muscles of the See also:

• THROAT (O. Eng. protu, prote or }Prota, possibly from preotan, to press, whence threat, or, with loss of initial s, connected with strut, to swell)

throat being involved . The muscles of the See also:

• ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

abdomen becoming contracted are rigidly fixed, and on laying the hand upon the front of the abdomen they feel as " hard as a See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board." The muscles of the limbs'are also attacked with fearful cramps, and, last of all, the muscles of the See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest are involved . Though all these muscles are in a continuous See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of contraction, spasmodic contractions, as already remarked, come on in addition, and occasionally with such distressing See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy that the patient is doubled up forwards, backwards, or sideways, and, may be, some of the muscles See also:

• TEAR

tear across . The patient is bathed in See also:

• PERSPIRATION (Lat. per, through, and spirare, to breathe)

perspiration, and sinks worn out and exhausted, or, perchance, slowly suffocated by the locking of the muscles of respiration . As regards the prospect of recovery in tetanus it may be said that when the symptoms break out acutely within a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week of the reception of an injury the prospect of recovery is extremely remote . If they occur within ten days the prospects are See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad . But if there is an See also:

• INTERVAL

interval of three See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks or a fortnight before their occurrence the case may be regarded more See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope-fully . In the treatment of tetanus the first thing to do is to try to make the wound by which infection has taken See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place surgically clean . For though a wound free from the germs of suppuration may be the incubating place of the bacilli of tetanus, still in most cases there is also an invasion of septic germs, and the See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double infection makes the See also:

• ACTION

action of the tetanic poison the more virulent . If the See also:

• LOCAL

local conditions are such that it is impossible to cleanse the wound, the free use of the See also:

• KNIFE (0. E. cuff, a word appearing in different forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. knijf, Ger. Kneif, a shoe-maker's knife, Swed. knif; the ultimate origin is unknown; Skeat finds the origin in the root of " nip," formerly " knip "; Fr. canif is a

knife or of the cautery or of pure carbolic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid may be resorted to, or an amputation may be performed . But even the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early amputation of the infected See also:

• PART

part may not avail for the See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason that the germs in the wound have already set free a lethal dose of their toxin . The wound having been cleansed the further treatment of the disease demands See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute quiet in a darkened See also:

• ROOM

room .

There must be no slamming of the See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door, shaking of the bed, or the sudden bringing in of a See also:

• LIGHT

light, for any See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act such as this might cause the outbreak of a violent spasm . Morphia may be given by the hypodermic See also:

• SYRINGE (Gr. ovpryE, reed, pipe)

syringe, and if the spasms are causing See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• DISTRESS

distress See also:

• CHLOROFORM (trichlor-methane), CHC13

chloroform may be administered; indeed, in certain severe cases it may be necessary to keep the patient almost continuously under its influence . If there is difficulty in swallowing fluid, rectal feeding must be resorted to . Though at present one is unable to speak enthusiastically or with confidence about the antitoxin treatment of lockjaw, still it is a method which should certainly be given trial—and that early . The tetano-antitoxin is prepared from the blood of animals which have been rendered immune to repeated injections of the poison elaborated by the cultivation of the tetanus bacilli . The bacilli themselves are not injected, the injections being rendered sterile . By passing the sterile injections into one of the See also:

• LOWER

lower animals the blood of that See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal prepares an antidote to them known as an antitoxin . The antitoxin may be injected into the nerve trunks or into the sheath of the spinal cord or of the brain . But inasmuch as the nerves and the nerve-cells are under the influence of the toxin before the antitoxin is administered—as evidenced by the occurrence of the symptoms—the injection-treatment has but a poor chance of producing a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good effect . (E .