TEWFIK See also:

• PASHA

PASHA (1852-1892)  , See also:

• KHEDIVE

khedive of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, son of the Khedive See also:

• ISMAIL (1830-1895)

Ismail, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 15th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1852 . Hismother was a See also:

• FELLAH (pl. Fellahin)

fellah woman . Although the eldest son, he was not sent to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe to be educated, like his younger See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, but was See also:

• LEFT

left to grow up in his native See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . In 1866 Ismail succeeded in his endeavour to alter the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to the khediviate . The See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title, instead of passing to the eldest living male descendant of Mehemet See also:

• ALI

Ali, was now to descend from See also:

• FATHER

father to son . Ismail sought this alteration mainly be-cause he disliked his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, Halim See also:

• PASHA

Pasha, who was his See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir-presumptive, and he is supposed to have imagined that he would be able to select whichever of his sons he pleased for his successor . But he found, after the See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change had been made, that the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers interpreted the new arrangement as applying strictly to the eldest son . Tewfik therefore became heir-apparent . He was given a See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace near See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo to live in, and for twelve years he passed an uneventful See also:

• LIFE

life, farming, and establishing a reputation for See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good sense and See also:

• FAIR

fair dealing with his fellah tenants . In 1878 he was appointed See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council after the dismissal of Nubar Pasha . He held this See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office only for .a few months; but this was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long enough to show that, if he was unambitious and not particularly intelligent or energetic, he had the See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom to refrain from taking a See also:

• PART

part in the intrigues which then formed the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief part of See also:

• POLITICAL

political life in Egypt . He went back to his See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate, and settled down once more to a quiet country life .

He was not left undisturbed for long . On the 26th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1879 Ismail, at the instance of See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, was deposed by the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan, who sent orders at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time that Tewfik should be proclaimed khedive . The new See also:

• VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy was so little pleased by the See also:

• NEWS

news of his See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession that he soundly boxed the ears of the servant who first brought the tidings to him . Egypt at that time was involved in See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial and political troubles brought about by the policy of Ismail (q.v.), and the situation was made worse by the inaction of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and France for some months following Tewfik's ac-cession . Tewfik's See also:

• PEOPLE

people were dissatisfied, his See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army disaffected; his advisers were nearly all of the adventurer class, with their own ends to gain; and he himself had neither the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of a strong ruler nor the experience that would have enabled him to secure an orderly See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of affairs . Disorder prevailed until November 1879, when the dual See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control was re-established by the governments of Great Britain and France . For over two years See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major See also:

• BARING

Baring (afterwards See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• CROMER
• CROMER, EVELYN BARING, 1ST EARL (1841– )

Cromer), Mr (afterwards See also:

• SIR

Sir) See also:

• AUCKLAND
• AUCKLAND, GEORGE EDEN, EARL OF (1784-1849)
• AUCKLAND, WILLIAM EDEN, 1ST BARON (1745-1814)

Auckland See also:

• COLVIN, JOHN RUSSELL (1807—1857)
• COLVIN, SIDNEY (1845– )

Colvin, and M. de Blignieres practically, governed the country, endeavouring to See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute reforms while possessing no means of See also:

• COERCION (from Lat. coercere, to restrain)
• COERCION, CONTRACT

coercion . During all this time the disaffection in the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian army was increasing . Tewfik has been blamed for his failure to take a See also:

• FIRM

firm See also:

• LINE

line with the rebels, but his attitude was governed by his relations with Great Britain and France, and he was unable to control events . The dissatisfaction culminated in the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement headed by Arabi Pasha (q.v.), who had gained See also:

• COMPLETE

complete command of the army . In See also:

• JULY

July 1882 the attitude of Arabi, who was carrying out defensive See also:

• WORKS

works on a large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, made it necessary for the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral (Sir See also:

• BEAUCHAMP
• BEAUCHAMP, ALPHONSE DE

Beauchamp See also:

• SEYMOUR
• SEYMOUR, HORATIO (1810-1886)
• SEYMOUR, or ST MAUR
• SEYMOUR, THOMAS

Seymour, afterwards Lord See also:

• ALCESTER [pronounced Auster]
• ALCESTER, FREDERICK BEAUCHAMP PAGET SEYMOUR, BARON (1821-1895)

Alcester) to declare that he would See also:

• BOMBARD (derived through Med. Lat. and Fr. forms from Gr. (3oµ(3eiv, to make a humming noise)

bombard the forts of See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria unless they were handed over to him . Before the See also:

• BOMBARDMENT

bombardment began it was suggested to Tewfik that he should leave the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and embark either upon a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man-of-See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war belonging to one of the neutral powers, or in his own yacht, or in a See also:

• MAIL

mail steamer which was then in the See also:

• PORT

port .

His See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer was, " I am still khedive, and I remain with my people in the See also:

• HOUR

hour of their danger." At his palace of Ramleh, 3 M. from the See also:

• TOWN

town, he was beyond reach of the shells, but his life was nevertheless imperilled . When the See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel soldiers attacked the palace he managed to make his See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape and to reach another palace after passing through the burning streets of Alexandria . Here he was obliged to agree that a guard of British bluejackets should protect him from further See also:

• RISK

risk . He showed his courage equally during the See also:

• CHOLERA (from the Gr. Xo)du, tile, and Map, to flow)

cholera epidemic at Alexandria in 1883 . He had gone back to Cairo after the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Tel-el-Kebir, had consented to the reforms insisted upon by Great Britain, and had assumed the position of a constitutional ruler under the guidance of Lord Dufferin, the British See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner . When the cholera See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out, he insisted upon going to Alexandria . His wife accompanied him, and he went See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the hospitals, setting an excellent example to the authorities of the city, and encouraging the patients by See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind and hopeful words . In 1884 Sir See also:

• EVELYN, JOHN (1620-1706)

Evelyn Baring went back to Egypt as See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent and See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of Great Britain . His first task was to demand that Tewfik should abandon the See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan . Tewfik gave his See also:

• CON

con-sent with natural reluctance, but, having consented, he did everything he could to ensure the success of the policy which Baring had been sent to carry out . He behaved with equal propriety during the negotiations between Sir H . See also:

• DRUMMOND, HENRY (1786-r86o)
• DRUMMOND, HENRY (1851-1897)
• DRUMMOND, THOMAS (r797-1840)
• DRUMMOND, WILLIAM (1585-1649)

Drummond See also:

• WOLFF (less correctly WOLF), CHRISTIAN (1679-1754)
• WOLFF, CASPAR FRIEDRICH (1733-1794)
• WOLFF, JOSEPH (1795–1862)

Wolff and the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy, Mukhtar Pasha, in 1886 .

His position was not a dignified one—that of a titular ruler compelled to stand by while others discussed and managed the affairs of his country . The sultan was his suzerain; in Great Britain he recognized his See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector: to the representative of each he endeavoured to show friendliness and esteem . As time went on his confidence in Baring increased, until at last he deferred to the British agent in almost everything . On occasion, however, he acted on his own initiative, as when in June 1888 he dismissed Nubar Pasha and summoned Riaz Pasha to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry—an See also:

• ACTION

action influenced, nevertheless, by Tewfik's knowledge of the divergence of views between Nubar and the British agent . Baring encouraged Tewfik to show his activity in matters of administration, and he took a great See also:

• INTEREST

interest in all matters connected with See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation, See also:

• EDUCATION

education and See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice . He was not a particularly strong man either in mind or in character, but he showed a genuine See also:

• DESIRE

desire to govern his country for its own benefit . He understood the importance to Egypt of British assistance and support; his natural shrewdness made him accept the British conditions; his natural good feeling kept him from any inclination to intrigue . In private life he was courteous and amiable . He had no desire to keep up the unapproachable See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of an See also:

• ORIENTAL

oriental ruler . Indeed, in many ways his See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners and habits were less oriental than See also:

• EUROPEAN

European . He married in 1873 his kinswoman, Amina Hanem, with whom he lived very happily . She was his only wife and Tewfik was a strong See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate of monogamy .

He died on the 7th to See also:

• JANUARY

January 1892, at the Heluan palace near Cairo, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Abbas II . (q.v.) . A warm See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute to Tewfik's many admirable qualities was paid by Baring (Lord Cromer) in his See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report on the administration of Egypt for 1891 (see Egypt, No . 3, 1892, pp . 1 and 2) .