TEXAS  , a See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south central See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America, extending from See also:

• LAT

lat . 26' 51, N. to lat . 36' 39'N. and from See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . 93° 3o' W. to long . 1o6° 3o' W . A western See also:

• PROJECTION

projection is bounded N. by New See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico, but the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main portion of the state is bounded N. by See also:

• OKLAHOMA (a Choctaw Indian word meaning " red people ")

Oklahoma, from which it is separated in See also:

• PART

part by the Red See also:

• RIVER

river; a See also:

• NORTHERN

northern projection (the Panhandle) is bounded E. by Oklahoma, but the main portion is bounded E. by See also:

• ARKANSAS

Arkansas and See also:

• LOUISIANA

Louisiana, the See also:

• SABINE, SIR EDWARD (1788-1883)

Sabine river separating it in part from Louisiana; on the S.E. the state is bounded by the Gulf of Mexico; on the S.W. by Mexico, from which it is separated by the Rio Grande; on the W. by New Mexico . Texas is much the largest state in the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union . Its length and breadth are nearly equal—about 75o m.—and its See also:

• AREA

area is 262,398 sq. m., of which 3498 sq. m. are See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SURFACE

surface . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—Texas is crossed by four physiographic provinces . In the S.E. are the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Gulf Plains, a part of the Coastal See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

Plain See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province . Thence westward to the tooth See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian are the prairies, the south-westward See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the See also:

• PRAIRIE (adopted from the Fr. prairie, a meadow-tract. Late Lat. prataria, Lat. pratum, meadow)

Prairie Plain province . The See also:

• GREAT

Great Plains (really a See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau) comprise the W. See also:

• HALF

half of the state, except a mountainous area in the W. part of the Panhandle, which belongs to the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

Basin Range province .

The surface is principally a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of plains sloping S.E. from the high plateau or from the mountains in the W. to the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• SHORE

shore of the Gulf of Mexico . The mountains of the Basin Range region, known in Texas as the Trans-Pecos Province, rise in Guadalupe See also:

• PEAK, THE

Peak near the border of New Mexico, to nearly 9000 ft . (the greatest See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation in the state), and the Great Plains have a maximum elevation in northern Texas exceeding 4000 ft., but from these heights the surface descends to See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea level and the mean elevation of the state is about 1700 ft . The Gulf Plains have a See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast See also:

• LINE

line of about 400 m., and are bordered along the Gulf of Mexico by a series of long narrow islands and peninsulas, or sandbars, which have been formed by the waves breaking on the shelving shore . Padre, the longest of these islands, extends northward from the mouth of the Rio Grande more than See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo m . Back of the islands are the quiet See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of lagoons, and at the mouths of See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers are several shallow bays indenting the mainland; these hays were formed by only a slight subsidence of the See also:

• LAND

land and the rivers are filling them with deposits of silt . For 20 M. or more inland in the N. and for 5o m. inland in the S. the Gulf Plains are low and See also:

• RAT (a word common to Teut. and Rom. languages; probably first adopted in Teut.; the ultimate origin is not known; Skeat suggests the root rad-, to scratch; cf. Ger. Ratte, Dan. rotte, Fr. rat, &c.)

Rat, seldom rising as much as too ft. above the sea, but farther W. the surface is more broken and rises to a maximum elevation of about 700 ft . Along a line See also:

• DRAWN

drawn approximately S.S.W. from the S.E. corner of Oklahoma, the N.W. part of the Gulf Plains merges with the Prairie Plains . The N.E. portion of the Texas Prairie Plains is only gently See also:

• ROLLING

rolling, but the S. portion is quite rugged, and the \V. half rises in a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of scarps or steps to an elevation of 2500 ft., to the Great Plains region, which extends westward past the valley of the Pecos river . One of the scarps or steps is the result of a great See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault or displacement of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth's crust, and is known as the Balcones fault scarp; others are due to erosion and weathering of alternate layers of hard and soft rocks lying almost See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal . South of the parallel of the S. boundary of New Mexico the Great Plains province is known as the See also:

• EDWARDS, AMELIA ANN BLANDFORD (1831-1892)
• EDWARDS, BELA BATES (18o2-1852)
• EDWARDS, BRYAN (1743–1800)
• EDWARDS, GEORGE (1693–1773)
• EDWARDS, HENRY THOMAS (1837–1884)
• EDWARDS, JONATHAN (1703—1758)
• EDWARDS, LEWIS (1806–1887 )
• EDWARDS, RICHARD (c. 1523–1566)
• EDWARDS, T
• EDWARDS, THOMAS CHARLES (1837–1900)

Edwards Plateau; between the Edwards Plateau and the valley of the See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian river, as the Llano Estacado, or Staked Plains; and N. of the Canadian Valley, as the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Plains . The E. and S. parts of the Edwards Plateau and the E. margin of the Llano Estacado have been much dissected by headward erosion of streams, but the central portion of the Edwards Plateau and nearly all of the Llano Estacado have a notably even surface rising slowly to the north-westward .

In the S.E. corner of the Trans-Pecos Province is a smaller plain known as the See also:

• STOCKTON
• STOCKTON, FRANCIS RICHARD (1834–1902)

Stockton Plateau, but the remaining portion of this province is traversed from N.E. to S.W. by isolated See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain ranges of the Basin Range or See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block mountain type . The N. portion of the Panhandle is drained by the Canadian river eastward into the Arkansas . The S. portion of the Panhandle and a See also:

• STRIP

strip along the N. border of the state, E. of the Panhandle, is drained by the Red river south-eastward into the See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi . The See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the state is drained S.E. directly into the Gulf of Mexico . The Rio Grande and its See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal tributary, the Pecos, drain narrow basins in the S.W.; these two rivers and the Canadian river rise in the Rocky Mountains in See also:

• COLORADO

Colorado and New Mexico, but all the other rivers by which the state is drained rise within its See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders . The Red, the Brazos, the Colorado, the Guadalupe, and the Nueces rise on the E. or S.C. border of the Great Plains; the Sabine andthe Trinity, on the Prairie Plains; and numerous small streams, on the Coastal Plain . In the Great Plains region and in the Trans-Pecos Province the rivers have cut deep canyons, and the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the longer rivers in their upper courses varies from See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere rivulets See also:

• LATE

late in summer to See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

swift and powerful streams during See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring freshets . Most of the large Texas rivers have deposited great quantities of silt along their See also:

• LOWER

lower courses on the Coastal Plain, where the current is often sluggish and the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks are periodically overflowed . Texas has no large lakes; but See also:

• FRESHWATER

freshwater lakes, which are fed either by streams or springs, are See also:

• COMMON

common on the Coastal Plain; the best known of them are See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake in Colorado See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, Clear Lake in See also:

• HARRIS, GEORGE, 1ST BARON (1746–1829)
• HARRIS, JAMES (1709-1780)
• HARRIS, JOEL CHANDLER (1848-1908)
• HARRIS, JOHN (c. 1666-1719)
• HARRIS, SIR WILLIAM SNOW
• HARRIS, THOMAS LAKE (1823-1906)
• HARRIS, WILLIAM TORREY (1835-1909)

Harris county, and See also:

• CADDO

Caddo Lake on the Louisiana border . On the Llano Estacado there are both freshwater and See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt lakes, and there are a few salt lakes in the Trans-Pecos Province and near the mouth of the Rio Grande on the Coastal Plain . The Texas Cretaceous is notably See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in the fossil remains of an invertebrate See also:

• FAUNA

fauna and in the vicinity of See also:

• WACO

Waco Cretaceous fossils of vertebrates have been obtained . Fossils of both vertebrates and invertebrates are also common in the See also:

• PERMIAN

Permian and See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic formations .

Fauna.—The varied fauna and See also:

• FLORA

flora of Texas may be classified in the following See also:

• LIFE

life-zones: the Canadian See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone, on the highest parts of the See also:

• DAVIS (or DAVYS), JOHN (1550 ?-16o5)
• DAVIS, ANDREW JACKSON (1826—1910)
• DAVIS, CHARLES HOWARD (1857- )
• DAVIS, CUSHMAN KELLOGG (1838-1900)
• DAVIS, HENRY WILLIAM BANKS (1833- )
• DAVIS, HENRY WINTER (1817-1865)
• DAVIS, JEFFERSON (1808–1889)
• DAVIS, THOMAS OSBORNE (1814–1845)

Davis Mountains; the Transition zone, including high parts of the Davis, Chisos and Guadalupe mountains; the Upper Austral zone, Upper Sonoran See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division, in the Panhandle, E. of the Pecos Valley, and in the Staked Plain and Edwards Plateau; and the widely extending Lower Austral zone, covering most of the state and subdivided into the Lower Sonoran or arid western part, the Austroriparian, or humid eastern, and the narrow Gulf Strip, which is semi-tropical . Originally great herds of bison roamed over the Texas plains, and See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer, bears and wolves were numerous, especially in the forests . Only a few of the larger See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild animals remain, but the Texas fauna is still varied, for it includes not only many See also:

• SPECIES

species common' to northern and eastern United States but also several Mexican species . The few remaining bison are on a See also:

• RANCH

ranch near Goodnight, in See also:

• ARMSTRONG, ARCHIBALD (d. 1672)
• ARMSTRONG, JOHN (1709-1779)
• ARMSTRONG, JOHN (1758—1843)
• ARMSTRONG, SAMUEL CHAPMAN (1839—1893)
• ARMSTRONG, WILLIAM GEORGE ARMSTRONG, BARON (1810—1900)

Armstrong county, where they have been crossed with polled See also:

• ANGUS, EARLS OF

Angus See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle . See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White-tailed, Sonora, and See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey See also:

• MULE (Lat. mulus)

mule-deer (Odocoileus) are found in the south-western counties; and there are a few See also:

• ANTELOPE

antelope (Antilocapra Americana) in the west . Louisiana bears (Ursus luteolus) still inhabit the inaccessible canebrakes near the coast, and occasionally one is found farther west; and in the western mountains See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black (and See also:

• CINNAMON

cinnamon) bears, including the New Mexico black See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear (L rsus Americanus amblyceps) still are found . Coyotes or prairie wolves (of which there is a See also:

• LOCAL

local sub-species, Canis nebracensis texensis), grey wolves, prairie See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs (gophers), and See also:

• JACK

jack rabbits are common on the plains; less common are the grey See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

wolf or See also:

• LOBO, FRANCISCO RODRIGUES (?1575–?1627); Portuguese bucolic writer, a lineal descendant in the family of letters of Bernardim Ribeiro and Christovam Falcao. All we know of his life is that he was born of rich and noble parents at Leiria, and lived at ease
• LOBO, JERONIMO (1593-1678)

lobo (Canis griseus) and the See also:

• TIMBER

timber wolf ; and there are several species of foxes, including the swift . Cottontail rabbits, raccoons (including the Mexican variety), and squirrels are common in the forests . A few otters, beavers and minks are still found in eastern Texas . Opossums and skunks (several varieties of the Mephitis and several of the Spilogale, including S. interrupta, the prairie spotted See also:

• SKUNK
• SKUNK (probably derived from " Seecawk," the Cree name for the skunk; another form given is " seganku ")

skunk or " See also:

• HYDROPHOBIA (Gr. iibwp, water, and 4osos, fear; so called from the symptom of dread of water), or RABIES (Lat. for" madness ")

hydrophobia See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

cat ") are found in nearly all parts of the state . The See also:

• PECCARY

peccary (Tayassu angulatum), the See also:

• ARMADILLO

armadillo (Tatunovemcinctum), the See also:

• CIVET

civet-cat (Bassariscus astutus flavus), the Mexican bighorn (Ovis mexicanus) and the See also:

• JAGUAR
• JAGUAR (Fells onca)

jaguar are Mexican species found in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern or south-western Texas . The Mexican cougar (Felis hippolestes aztecus) is found in the west .

Other felines are the See also:

• OCELOT
• OCELOT (Mexican Flalocelotl, literally field-jaguar, from Flalli, field, and ocelotl, tiger, jaguar)

ocelot (F. pardalis limitis) and red and grey See also:

• CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats (F. cacomitli) in the south, the Texan See also:

• LYNX (Lat. Lynx, Gr. airy, probably connected with X hovewv, to see)

lynx (Lynx See also:

• RUFUS, GAIUS VALGIUS
• RUFUS, LUCIUS VARIUS (c 74—14 B.c.)

rufus texensis) in the south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, and the plateau wild cat (L. baileyi) in the west . There are several varieties of See also:

• GRASSHOPPER (Fr. sauterelle, `Ital. grillo, Ger. Gras/U:114er, Heuschrecke, Swed. Grdshoppa)

grasshopper mice (Orychomys), white-footed mice (Peromyscus), See also:

• HARVEST (A.S. hcerfest " autumn," O.H. Ger. herbist, possibly through an old Teutonic root representing Lat. car pere, " to pluck ")

harvest mice (Reithrodontomys), See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice-rats (Oryzomys), See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood-rats (Neotoma), voles (Microtus), &c . Bats inhabit caves in See also:

• BURNET
• BURNET, GILBERT (1643-1715)
• BURNET, THOMAS (1635-1715)

Burnet, See also:

• WILLIAMSON, ALEXANDER WILLIAM (1824–1904)
• WILLIAMSON, SIR JOSEPH (1633–1701)
• WILLIAMSON, WILLIAM CRAWFORD (18r6–1895)

Williamson, Lampasas, See also:

• GILLESPIE, GEORGE (1613-1648)
• GILLESPIE, THOMAS (1708-1774)

Gillespie and other counties . The mocking-See also:

• BIRD

bird is the principal See also:

• SONG

song bird and it and the See also:

• LARK (0. Eng. ldwerce, Ger. Lerche, Dan. Laerke, Dutch Leeuwerik)

lark-See also:

• SPARROW (0. Eng. spearwa; Icel. sporr; O.H.G. Sparo)

sparrow are common throughout the state . 'The snowy See also:

• HERON (Fr. heron; Ital. aghirone, airone; Lat. ardea; Gr. ipw&bs: A.-S. hragra; Icelandic, hegre; Swed. hager; Dan. heire; Ger. Heiger, Reiher, Heergans; Dutch, reiger)

heron is a rare plume bird seen occasionally along the coast . The scissor-tailed See also:

• FLYCATCHER

flycatcher, or Texas bird of See also:

• PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)

paradise, is common on the prairies and in the lightly wooded districts . The Texas screech-See also:

• OWL (O. Eng. Ule, Swed. Uggla, Ger. Eule—all allied to Lat. Ulula, and evidently of imitative origin)

owl, the Texas See also:

• WOODPECKER

woodpecker, and the road runner, or ground See also:

• CUCKOO

cuckoo, are found mostly in southern and south-western Texas . Among birds common in Texas as well as in the other Southern States are the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal, See also:

• GOLDEN

golden-fronted woodpecker, Mississippi See also:

• KITE

kite, See also:

• MOURNING (from the verb " to mourn," to be sorrowful, 0. Eng. murnan; cf. O.H.G. mornen, Goth. maurnan, to be anxious, O.N. morna, to pine away; by some referred to root seen in Gr. jdptpva, sorrow, by others to root mer-, to die)

mourning-See also:

• DOVE
• DOVE (Dutch duyve, Dan. due, Ice. dufa, Ger. Taube)

dove, and See also:

• TURKEY

turkey-See also:

• BUZZARD

buzzard . In a narrow strip along the Gulf there are some Mexican or tropical birds, notably the caracara and two varieties of See also:

• GRACKLE (Lat. Gracculus or Graculus)

grackle (Megaquiscalus) . The Texas Bob White or Texas See also:

• QUAIL (0. Fr. Quaille, Mod. Fr. Caille, Ital. Quaglia, Low Lat. Quaquila, Du. Kwakkel and Kwartel, Ger. Wachtel, Dan. Vagtel)

quail is found principally in Texas and a few neighbouring states . The Texas See also:

• GAME

game birds consist chiefly of See also:

• PLOVER

plover, See also:

• SNIPE (0. Eng. Spite, Icel. Snipe, Dutch Snip, Ger. Schnepfe)

snipe, See also:

• TEAL (O.E. tele)

teal, mallard and wild geese . Texas has also the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• COOT

coot or mud-See also:

• HEN

hen and the See also:

• PELICAN (Fr. Pelican; Lat. Pelecanus or Pelicanus)

pelican .

Of See also:

• REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

reptiles there are the See also:

• ALLIGATOR (Spanish el lagarto, " the lizard ")

alligator, and several species each of turtles, lizards and See also:

• SNAKES

snakes . Alligators are found in the low coast region and are especially numerous in the Nueces river . The painted See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box See also:

• TORTOISE

tortoise is common in the central part of the state; the snapping-turtle and the soft-See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell turtle in most of the rivers and creeks; the Louisiana mud-turtle, in the coast marshes . The horned See also:

• LIZARD (Lat. lacertal)

lizard, or horned See also:

• TOAD

toad (Phrynosoma cornutum; P. hernandesi; P. uzodestum), is the most common of Texas lizards, except in the western counties where the Texas See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock lizards (Sceloporus lorquatus; S. clarkii; S. spinosus; S. consobrinus; S. dispar) are numerous . The See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree swift, or scaly lizard, is also an inhabitant of western and south-western Texas . The See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green lizard, the fence lizard and See also:

• WHIP

whip-tailed lizard (Cnemidophorus gularis; C. sexlineatus; C. tesselatus, &c.) are quite widely distributed . The Gila See also:

• MONSTER (Lat. monstrum, from root of monere, to warn; i.e. something terrible or portentous)
• MONSTER, GEORG, COUNT ZU (1776-1844)

Monster (Heloderma suspectum), a poisonous lizard, whose bite is injurious but rarely, if ever, fatal to See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, also occurs in the See also:

• DESERT

desert regions . The See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow snake, or spreading See also:

• ADDER

adder (Heterodon platyrrhinus), black snake (Bascanion constrictor), See also:

• COACH (through the Fr. coche, originally from the Magyar kocsi, an adjective from the Hungarian place named Kocs, between Raab and Buda, i.e. the sort of vehicle used there in the 15th century)

coach whip (Bascanion flagellum), and prairie See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull snake (Pituophis) are common; the See also:

• DIAMOND

diamond water snake (Natrix fasciata) is found along creeks; the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king snake (Lampropeltis getula), in central and southern Texas; and the See also:

• PILOT

pilot snake (Callopeltis obsoletus), mostly in the See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods of McLennan county . Among venomous snakes the See also:

• HARLEQUIN

harlequin, or See also:

• CORAL

coral snake (Elaps fulvius) is common along the coast; the copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) along the wooded banks of creeks and rivers; the cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus), in all parts of the state except the more arid districts; the " sidewiper," or massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus consors, sometimes called Crotalephorus tergeminus) and the ground See also:

• RATTLESNAKE

rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius), in all sections . The green rattlesnake (Crotalus molossus) inhabits the valley of the Rio Grande; the plains rattle-snake (Crotalus confluentus), the north-western counties; the diamond rattlesnake (C. adamanteus), the wooded river bottoms; the Texas rattlesnake, western Texas and the southern coast counties; the banded rattlesnake, a few widely separated woodland districts . There are several varieties of the skink (Eum-eces) . Freshwater See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, consisting mostly of catfish, See also:

• BUFFALO

buffalo fish, See also:

• BASS
• BASS (the same word as " base," and so pronounced, but influenced in spelling by the Ital. basso)

bass, See also:

• SUNFISH

sunfish and See also:

• DRUM (early forms drome or dromme, a word common to many Teut. languages, cf. Dan. tromme, Ger. Trommel: the word is ultimately the same as " trumpet," and is probably onomatopoeic in origin; it appears late in Eng. about the middle of the 16th century)

drum, are common in the lower courses of the rivers .

Oysters, clams, and See also:

• SHRIMP

shrimp abound along the coast, and there are more than 50o species of mollusks in the state . The See also:

• BOLL

boll-See also:

• WEEVIL

weevil, preying on the See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, is the most noxious of the See also:

• INSECTS

insects . Flora.—The arboreal flora of Louisiana and Arkansas extends into north-eastern Texas, conformable with the Coastal Plain, where, immediately south of the Colorado river, the great See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic and Gulf coasts terminates . The flora of the Great Plains region, consisting principally of nutritious See also:

• GRASSES

grasses, enters the north-western portion of the state and extends south to the Edwards Plateau and east into the Prairie Plains region . The See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• PLANTS

plants of the Rocky Mountain plateaus penetrate into the Trans-Pecos region, which the north Mexican flora, including the See also:

• AGAVE

Agave lecheguilla, a valuable commercial fibre, is found along the Rio Grande . The central region is a transition ground where these floras find See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation generally in deteriorated and dwarfed species . The long-See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf pine is the dominant See also:

• FOREST

forest tree on the uplands of the Coastal Plain, north of the Colorado river, for too m. or more from the coast; farther inland and especially in the north-eastern corner of the state, it is succeeded by the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-leaf pine . Between the rising swells of long-leaf pine lands are impenetrable thickets of See also:

• HAWTHORN
• HAWTHORN (O. Eng. Naga-, hog-, or hege-thorn, i.e. " hedge-thorn ")

hawthorn, See also:

• HOLLY (Ilex Aquifolium)

holly, See also:

• PRIVET

privet, See also:

• PLANE

plane trees and magnolias . Loblolly pine, See also:

• CYPRESS (Cupressus)

cypress, oaks, See also:

• HICKORY

hickory, ash, pecan, See also:

• MAPLE, SIR JOHN BLUNDELL, BART

maple, See also:

• BEECH

beech and a few other See also:

• DECIDUOUS (from Lat. decidere, to fall down)

deciduous trees are interspersed among both the long-leaf and the short-leaf pines, and the proportion of deciduous trees increases to the westward . In the broad river valleys of the eastern part of the Prairie Plains region are forests and isolated groves consisting principally of pecan, cypress, cottonwood and several species of See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak . Farther west two narrow belts of timber, consisting mostly of stunted See also:

• POST

post oak and black jack, and known as the Eastern and Western See also:

• CROSS

Cross Timbers, cross the prairies southward from the Red river, and a low growth of See also:

• MESQUITE, or HONEY LOCUST

mesquite, other shrubs and vines are common in the eastern half of the Prairie Plains . The western half of these plains has only a few trees along the watercourses and some scraggy bushes of oak, See also:

• JUNIPER

juniper and See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar in the more hilly sections .

In the canyons of the Edwards Plateau grow the pecan, live oak, sycamore, See also:

• ELM

elm, See also:

• WALNUT (Juglans)

walnut and cypress; on the hilly dissected borders of the same plateau are cedars, dwac: and scrubby oak, and higher up are occasional patches of stunted oak, called " shinneries." The upper slopes of some of the mountains in the Trans-Pecos region are clothed with forests of large pines, cedars and other trees . Smaller trees and shrubs grow farther (down the same mountain slopes, but other mountains and the valleys are wholly destitute of trees . The entire valley of the Rio Grande, from El Paso to See also:

• BROWNSVILLE

Brownsville, grows many species of See also:

• CACTUS

cactus, and other prickly coriaceous shrubs . The low See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country along the coast is covered chiefly with grasses and rushes, but scattered over it are clumps cf live oak, called " mottes." Grasses representing several species also See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover most of the Great Plains, the uplands in the southern portion of the Coastal Plain, and the treeless portions of the Prairie Plains and the Trans-Pecos region . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—In the region of See also:

• GALVESTON

Galveston, along the northern See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the coast, where southerly or south-easterly winds from the Gulf prevail throughout the See also:

• YEAR

year, the climate is warm, moist and squable, but the moisture decreases westward and south-westward, Ind she equability, partly because of northerly winds during the See also:

• SINTER

sinter months, decreases in all directions inland . The mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature decreases to the north-westward with an increase of both See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude and See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude, and ranges from 73° F. in the lower689 Rio Grande Valley to 95° F. in the northern portion of the See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

Pan-handle . The range between the mean of the See also:

• MAXIMA

maxima of the summer months (See also:

• JUNE

June, See also:

• JULY

July and See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August) and the mean of the minima of the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter months (See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December, See also:

• JANUARY

January and See also:

• FEBRUARY

February) is only from 88° to 50° at Galveston, but at See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Blanco, See also:

• CROSBY, HOWARD (1826–1891)

Crosby county, on the eastern border of the Llano Estacado, it is from 9o° to 26° . During a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of twenty-six years (from January 1882 to December 1908) the greatest extremes that were recorded in the state by the United States See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

Weather See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau were 113° at El Paso in June 1883 and -16° at Amarillo, See also:

• POTTER, ALONZO (1800-1865)
• POTTER, HENRY CODMAN (1835–1908)
• POTTER, J
• POTTER, JOHN (c. 1674-1747)
• POTTER, PAUL (1625—1654)
• POTTER, PHILIP CIPRIANI HAMBLEY (1792—1871)

Potter county, in the Panhandle, in February 1899; within the same period the extremes at Galveston ranged only from 98° to 8° . Along the coast the See also:

• AVERAGE

average number of days during a year in which the temperature falls below freezing-point is only 3 or 4, but in the Panhandle this average is 111 . January is the coldest See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month in nearly all parts of the state and July is the warmest . The mean temperature for January decreases from 5° at Brownsville, at the southern extremity of the state, to 36' at Amarillo in the Panhandle . The mean temperature for July is 85° both at Beeville, See also:

• BEE (Sanskrit blza, AS. ben, Lat. apis)

Bee county, in the southern coast region, and at Waco, much farther north but also farther inland ; at Amarillo it falls to 76° .

The average annual rainfall decreases quite regularly westward and south-westward from 47.6 in. at Galveston to 9.3 in. at El Paso . Along the coast the autumn months are the wettest and the spring months are the driest; for example, at Galveston the rainfall amounts to 5.7 in. in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September and only 2.9 in. in See also:

• APRIL

April . In the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle, eastern and north-eastern parts of Texas the spring months are the wettest and the winter months are the driest; for example, at Waco the rainfall amounts to 4.5 in. in May and only 1.9 in. in December . In the western and south-western parts the summer months are the wettest and the spring months are the driest; thus, at El Paso the rainfall amounts to 2.2 in. in July and only o•2 in. in April . The average annual snowfall for the state is about 5 in., ranging from 19 in. in the northern portion of the Panhandle to scarcely any along the coast and in the lower Rio Grande Valley . The prevailing winds are southerly or south-easterly throughout most of the state in spring and summer . Along the coast they continue in the same direction throughout the year, but inland they usually shift to the north or north-west either in autumn or winter . Soils.—The Coastal Plain has for the most part a See also:

• LIGHT

light sandy See also:

• SOIL

soil, but there is a fertile See also:

• ALLUVIUM

alluvium in the river bottoms and See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay soils on some of the uplands . The eastern part of the Prairie Plains is a belt known as the Black Prairie, and it has a rich black soil derived from Upper Cretaceous See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone; immediately west of this is another belt with a thinner soil derived from Lower Cretaceous rocks; a southern part of the same plains has a soil derived from See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite; in a large area in the north-west the plains have a reddish clay soil derived from Permian rocks and a variety of soils—good black soils and inferior sandy and clay soils—derived from Carboniferous rocks . A very thin soil covers the Edwards Plateau, but on the Llano Estacado are brownish and reddish loalns derived from the sediments of a Neocene lake . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—The See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• FARM

farm acreage was 125,807,017 acres in 1900, the total number of farms' being 351,085, their average acreage 358.3 acres, 84.9 per cent, being operated by white farmers . There were 11,220 farms of moo acres and more; 10,183 between 500 and moo acres; 115,393 between loo and 50o acres; and 88,537 between 50 and too acres .

The See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn was I22,250,000 bu. in 1909 (valued at $92,910,000) ; the See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop, 5,050,000 bu . (valued at $5,959,000); the See also:

• OAT (O. Eng. ate; the word is not found in cognate languages; it may be allied with Fr. eitel, knot, nodule, cf. Gr. oiSos swelling)

oat crop, 11,500,000 bu . (valued at $7,130,000); the rice crop, 9,894,000 bu . (valued at $7,717,000); the acreage under See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay was 618,000, the crop being 587,000 tons and its value $6,985,000 . Texas ranked first in 1899 among the states in the production and value of cotton, the acreage of which increased from 2,178,435 acres in 1879 to 6,960,367 acres in 1899, and the number of commercial See also:

• BALES [BALESIUS], PETER (1547–1610?)

bales from 805,284 in 1879 to 2,506,212 in 1899, when the total crop was valued at $96,729,304 . The estimates for 1909 were 9,334,000 acres and 2,570,000 bales . In the value of live stock on farms and ranges, Texas ranked seventh among the states in 1880 and second in 1900, with a value of $240,576,955 . The value of all domestic animals on farms and ranges in 1900 was $236,227,934, Texas ranking second in this respect among the states . The censuses from 186o to 1900 showed a far greater number of neat cattle on farms and ranges in Texas than in any other state or Territory ; in 1900 the number was 7,279,935 (excluding spring calves) ; and in 1910 there were 8,308,000 neat cattle including 1,137,000 milch cows . In the number of horses the state ranked third in 1900, with 1,174,003 See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head—excluding colts—and in 1910 with 1,369,000 head . In the number of mules the state ranked first by a wide margin in 1900, with 474,737 head, and in 1910 with 702,000 head . In the number of See also:

• SWINE

swine the state ranked eighth in 1900 with 2,665,614 head, and third in 1910 with 3,205,000 head .

In the number of See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep the state See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose from See also:

• FOURTH

fourth See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank in 1880 to first in 189o, but dropped to tenth rank in 1900, when there were 1,439,940 head; in 1910 1 Not including farms of less than three acres and of small productive capacity . 690 there were 1,909,000 sheep in the state . The See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool product of the state in 1900 was 9,638,002 lb, and in 1910 was 8,943,750 lb washed and unwashed and 3,040,875 lb scoured . In the number of chickens (13,562,302 in 1900) the state ranked fifth, and in the number of ducks, geese and turkeys (1,299,044 in 1900), ranked first . The cereals grow generally throughout the state, excepting in the arid western lands . The crop of Indian corn is especially large in a belt of counties beginning near the north-eastern corner of the state and extending in a south-See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly direction . Most of the rice is raised along the seaboard, in the south-eastern corner of the state . The largest crops of cotton are grown in the cereal-growing counties . Forests and Timber.—About 64,000 sq. m., or 24 per cent. of the area of Texas, is estimated to be wooded . The area of yellow pine forests (the stand is estimated at 67,568.5 million ft.), and the lesser one of hardwood, together with considerable softwood, represent See also:

• LUMBER

lumber-producing possibilities of much economic importance . The pine and hardwood areas occur chiefly in the north-eastern part of the state, and are bordered on the west by scattering growths of hardwood, extending as far westward as See also:

• AUSTIN
• AUSTIN, ALFRED
• AUSTIN, JOHN (179o-1859)
• AUSTIN, SARAH (1793-1867)
• AUSTIN, STEPHEN FULLER (1793-1836)

Austin . Sparse scrub timber, of little value except for posts, poles and rough beams and for See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel, occupies the region westward to approximately the See also:

• LONGITUDE (from Lat. longitudo, " length ")

longitude of the See also:

• PEASE, EDWARD (1767–1858)

Pease river .

Outside of these See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general areas, forest products are of relatively little value, the exceptions being the dense growths, in certain restricted areas, of live-oak, which is in demand for See also:

• SHIP

ship timbers; and scattering patches of hickory, which is requisite for certain manufactures . The pine and hardwood forests are of great economic value because of the See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density of their growth, and there are at See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand the means of profitable development of this See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry in the numerous watercourses which make logging cheap and expeditious . The maple, walnut, oak, ash, 'beech, elm. See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum, sycamore, hickory and See also:

• POPLAR
• POPLAR (Lat. Populus)

poplar, found on the southern slope of the Osage See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands, on the uplands about the source of the highlands and in the central portions of the Red river valley, are valuable for See also:

• CABINET

cabinet woods . The cut, consisting almost entirely of yellow pine, was valued in 1900 at $16,296,473 . See also:

• FISHERIES

Fisheries.—The value of the fisheries product of Texas increased from $286,610 (7,174,550 lb) in 1897 to $353,814 (8,044,404 lb) in 1902; and the amount of See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital invested in the industry from $237,496 in 1897 to $373,724 in 1902, but the number of wage-earners employed decreased slightly—from 1199 in 1897 to 1144 in 1902 . The values of the principal catches in 1902 were: red snapper, $103,398; oysters, $100,359; squeteague, $49,577, and channel bass, $39,525.' Minerals.—The total value of the See also:

• MINERAL

mineral products of Texas in 1890 was $1,986,679; in 1902, $6,981,532; in 1907, $19,806,458, and in 1908, $15,212,929—the valuations for the two years last named being those of the United States See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

Geological Survey . By far the largest See also:

• ITEM (a Latin adverb meaning " also," " likewise ")

item in these totals after 1902 represented the value of See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum . Little See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention was paid to this resource until 1883; in 1890 the product was valued at only $227; and five years later it had increased to only $250 . A good quality of oil—better in fact than the See also:

• OHIO

Ohio product, but not as good as that of See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania—was accidentally found at See also:

• CORSICANA

Corsicana, See also:

• NAVARRO, PEDRO (c. 1460-1528)

Navarro county, about 1894, and in 1898 it was discovered at a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of 1040 ft . In 1901 an extraordinary " gusher " well was drilled near See also:

• BEAUMONT
• BEAUMONT, BELMONT, or BELLOMONT
• BEAUMONT, CHRISTOPHE DE (1703-1781)
• BEAUMONT, SIR JOHN (1583–1627)

Beaumont, See also:

• JEFFERSON
• JEFFERSON, JOSEPH (1829-1905)
• JEFFERSON, THOMAS (1743-1826)

Jefferson county; in the nine days before this well was capped, it threw a stream of oil 16o ft. high, and poured out about 5oo,000 barrels . The development of the Hardin county See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field also began in 1902 . As the result of these developments, the value of the oil product increased from $277,135 (546,070 bbls.) in 1898, to $871,996 (836,039 bbls.) in 19o0; to $4,174,731 (18,083,658 bbls.) in 1902; and to $10,410,865 (12,322,696 bbls.) in 1907; it decreased to $6,700,708 (II,206,464 bbls.) in 1908 .

The value of the bituminous See also:

• COAL

coal output was $465,900 (184,440 short tons) in 1890; $1,581,914 (968,373 short tons) in 1900; $2,778,811 (1,648,069 short tons) in 1907; and $3,419,48I (1,805,377 short tons) in 1908 . The value of the product of limestones and See also:

• DOLOMITES, THE

dolomites in 1900 was $124,728; in 1902, $228,662; of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand-stones and quartzites in 1900, $37,038; in 1902, $165,56; while t