THAPSACUS  , the " large and prosperous See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city " on the Arabian See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates where See also:

• CYRUS
• CYRUS (Gr. KDpos; Pers. Kuru-sh; Babyl. Kurash; Hebr. Koresh)

Cyrus the Younger revealed to the Greeks the See also:

• OBJECT

object of his expedition (Xen . Anab. i . 4, 1i) . No such See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place has yet been found mentioned in See also:

• CUNEIFORM (from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

cuneiform texts . We may have a Semitic See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the name in the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew Tiphsah; but it is impossible to determine whether- the one phrase 1 " from Tiphsah to See also:

• GAZA (or `AllAH, mod. Ghuzzeh)
• GAZA, THEODORUS (c. 1400-1475)

Gaza " (1 See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings v . 4-IV . 24 in the See also:

• ENGLISH

English version), where the name seems to occur, is as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early 12 Kings xv . 16 cannot possibly refer to any place on the Euphrates . as the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period: the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text is quite discrepant . Thapsacus was the See also:

• CROSSING

crossing-place of See also:

• DARIUS (Pers. Darayavaush; Old Test. Daryavesh)

Darius Codomannus, before and after his defeat (See also:

• ARRIAN (FLAvrus ARRIANUS)

Arrian ii . 13), and of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander (iii . 7), and in See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo's See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time it was the usual crossing-place (xvi .

1, 21) ; but Tiglath-pileser I. and See also:

• ASSUR
• ASSUR (Auth. Vera. Asshur)

Assur-nasir-See also:

• PAL, KRISTO DAS (1839–1884)

pal crossed considerably farther See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, and we have no See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to suppose that they were not simply following the practice of those early times; and we do not know when the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of crossing at Thapsacus which the Hebrew text of the passage in 1 Kings may presuppose sprang up . See also:

• XENOPHON

Xenophon's See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army had to be content with fording the stream . Alexander, however, effected his crossing (Arrian, iii . 7) by two connected See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges (of boats?), and it was from this place that later he had the material for his See also:

• FLEET

fleet sent down (Arrian vii . 19; Strabo xvi . 741) .to Babylonia . His successors must also have valued the place, for according to See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny (v . 87) it See also:

• BORE

bore later the name of See also:

• AMPHIPOLIS (mod. Yeni Keui)

Amphipolis, perhaps bestowed on it (Steph . Byz., See also:

• APPIAN (Gr. 'Aairtavbs)

Appian Syr . 57) by Seleucus I., although the name, like so many others, probably failed to win See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance; and in the time of Eratosthenes the position of Thapsacus had be-come so central that he See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose it as the point from which to make his measurements for all See also:

• ASIA

Asia (Strabo ii . 79, 8o), and in the time of Strabo himself it was there that goods were em-barked for transport down the Euphrates (Q . Curt. x .

1), and landed after having come by stream from See also:

• LOWER

lower districts (Strabo xvi . 1, 23) . After Pliny the city is not again mentioned.' After various attempts at See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification (see See also:

• RITTER, HEINRICH (1791-1869)
• RITTER, KARL (1779–1859)

Ritter, Erdkunde) it has apparently been correctly identified by J . P . See also:

• PETERS (or PETER), HUGH (1598–166o)
• PETERS, KARL (1856– )

Peters (Nation, May 23, 1889) and B . See also:

• MORITZ, KARL PHILIPP (1757-1793)

Moritz (Sitz.-Ber. d . Berl . Akad., See also:

• JULY

July 25, 1889) . The name may survive in Kal'at Dibse, " a small ruin 8 m. below Meskene, and 6 m. below the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Barbalissus." See J . P . Peters, See also:

• NIPPUR

Nippur, 196 if . (H .

W .