See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

THEBES (anciently &See also:

• OAT (O. Eng. ate; the word is not found in cognate languages; it may be allied with Fr. eitel, knot, nodule, cf. Gr. oiSos swelling)

Oat, Thebae, or in See also:

• POETRY

poetry sometimes Oif3a, in See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected See also:

• PRONUNCIATION (Lat. pronuntiatio, from pronuntiare, proclaim, announce, pronounce)

pronunciation, Thivae)  , an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city in See also:

• BOEOTIA

Boeotia, is situated on See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low hilly ground of See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle slope a little See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the range of See also:

• CITHAERON

Cithaeron, which divides Boeotia from See also:

• ATTICA

Attica, and on the edge of the Boeotian See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, about 44 M. from See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, whence it is reached by two See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage-roads and by railway since 1904 . It has about 4800 inhabitants, and is the seat of a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop . The See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• TOWN

town occupies the site of the ancient citadel, the Cadmea; two fragments of ancient See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall are visible on the north, and another, belonging either to the citadel or the See also:

• OUTER

outer wall, on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south . Two streams, rising a little south of the town, and separated by an See also:

• AVERAGE

average distance of about See also:

• HALF

half a mile, flow on the two sides, and are lost in the plain . These are the ancient Ismenus on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and See also:

• DIRCE

Dirce (Dipan) on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, which give to the town its name &1rbraµos . The Dirce, now Plakiotissa, has several springs . From the west See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Cadmea another copious See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain (Paraporti) falls to the Dirce . In a suburb to the east is another (Fountain of St See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore), and north-west are two more . The Cadmea itself is supplied with See also:

• WATER

water brought from an unknown source to the south by See also:

• WORKS

works supposed of prehistoric antiquity . It now enters the town by an See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct of twenty See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches of Frankish construction . The " See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters " of See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Thebes are celebrated both by See also:

• PINDAR (Gr. HivSapos, c. 522–443 B.c.)

Pindar and by the Athenian poets, and the site is still, as described by See also:

• DICAEARCHUS

Dicaearchus (3rd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.e.), " all springs," KaOvapos 7rava . One, from which a See also:

• PASHA

pasha of Negroponte (See also:

• EUBOEA (pronounced Evvia in the modern language)

Euboea) is said to have supplied his table, is still called " the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of the See also:

• CADI (g¢di)

cadi." Some of the See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble basins, seats, &c., remain, and, with the fragments of wall above mentioned, are the only See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of the classic See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time .

The most curious of later buildings is the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke, south-east of the Cadmea, believed to contain the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of the evangelist . From the abundance of water the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place is favour-able to gardens, and the neighbouring plain is extremely fertile . But the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population is scanty, and the town at present of no importance . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of the earliest days of Thebes was pre-served among the Greeks in an abundant See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of legends which See also:

• RIVAL

rival the myths of See also:

• TROY
• TROY, JEAN FRANCOIS DE (1679–1752)

Troy in their wide ramification and the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence which they exerted upon the literature of the classical See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . Five See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main cycles of See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story may be distinguished: (1) the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the citadel Cadmea by See also:

• CADMUS

Cadmus, and the growth of the Sparti or " Sown Men " (probably an aetiological myth designed to explain the origin of the Theban See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility which See also:

• BORE

bore that name in See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical times); (2) the See also:

• BUILDING

building of a " seven-gated " wall by See also:

• AMPHION

Amphion, and the cognate stories of Zethus, See also:

• ANTIOPE

Antiope and Dirce; (3) the See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale of the " See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Laius, " culminating in the adventures of See also:

• OEDIPUS (OiSiirovs, O16tir63i7s, Wines, from Gr. ot&eiv swell, and gobs foot, i.e. " the swollen-footed ")

Oedipus and the See also:

• WARS

wars of the " Seven " and the See also:

• EPIGONI (" descendants ")

Epigoni; (4) the See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent of See also:

• DIONYSUS (probably = " son of Zeus," from & Os and vv(7os, a Thracian word for " son ")

Dionysus; and (5) the exploits of Heracles . It is difficult to See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract any historical fact out of this See also:

• MAZE

maze of myths; the various See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups cannot be fully co-ordinated, and a further perplexing feature is the neglect of Thebes in the Homeric poems . At most it seems safe to infer that it was one of the first Greek communities to be See also:

• DRAWN

drawn together within a fortified city, that it owed its importance in prehistoric as in later days to its military strength, and that its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original " Cadmean " population was distinct from other inhabitants of Boeotia such as the Minyae of See also:

• ORCHOMENUS (local form on coins and inscriptions, Erchomenos)

Orchomenus . In the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of See also:

• GREAT

great invasions from the north Thebes received settlers of that stock which in historical times was homogeneously spread over Boeotia . The central position and military See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security of the city naturally tended to raise it to a commanding position among the Boeotians, and from See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early days its inhabitants endeavoured to establish a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete supremacy over their kinsmen in the outlying towns . This centralizing policy is as much the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal fact of Theban history as the counteracting effort of the smaller towns to resist absorption forms the main See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter of the story of Boeotia . No details of the earlier history of Thebes have been preserved, except that it was governed by a See also:

• LAND

land-holding See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy who safeguarded their integrity by rigid statutes about the owner-See also:

• SHIP

ship of See also:

• PROPERTY

property and its transmission . In the See also:

• LATE

late 6th century the Thebans were brought for the first time into hostile See also:

• CON

con-tact with the Athenians, who helped the small fortress of See also:

• PLATAEA, or PLATAEAE

Plataea to maintain its See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence against them, and in 5o6 repelled an inroad into Attica .

The aversion to Athens best serves to explain the unpatriotic attitude which Thebes displayed during the great See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian invasion . Though a contingent of 700 was sent to See also:

• THERMOPYLAE (Gr. OepµSs, hot, and 1rf)X,

Thermopylae and remained there with See also:

• LEONIDAS

Leonidas to the end, the governing aristocracy soon after joined the enemy with great readiness and fought zealously on his behalf at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Plataea (479) . The victorious Greeks subsequently punished Thebes by depriving it of the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of the Boeotian See also:

• LEAGUE

League, and an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt by the Spartans to expel it from the Delphic See also:

• AMPHICTYONY (Gr. aµduKrvovia, i.e. a body composed of ai.*Krloves, (igrPtKri ov s, " dwellers around ")

amphictyony was only frustrated by the intercession of Athens . In 457 See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta, needing a See also:

• COUNTER

counter-poise against Athens in central See also:

• GREECE

Greece, reversed her policy and reinstated Thebes as the dominant See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in Boeotia .. The great fortress served this purpose well by holding out as a See also:

• BASE

base of resistance when the Athenians overran and occupied the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country (457-447)• In the Peloponnesian See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War the Thebans, embittered by the support which Athens gave to the smaller Boeotian towns, and especially to Plataea, which they vainly attempted to reduce in 431, were See also:

• FIRM

firm See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies of Sparta, which in turn helped them to besiege Plataea and allowed them to destroy the town after See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture (427) . In 424 at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Boeotian See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

levy they inflicted a severe defeat upon an invading force of Athenians at Delium, and for the first time displayed the effects of that firm military organization which eventually raised them to predominant power in Greece . After the downfall of Athens at the end of the Peloponnesian War the Thebans, finding that Sparta intended to protect the states which they desired to annex, See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke off the See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance . In 404 they had urged the complete destruction of Athens, in 403 they secretly supported the restoration of its See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to find in it a counterpoise against Sparta . A few years later, influenced perhaps in See also:

• PART

part by Persian See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, they forced on the so-called Corinthian /War and formed the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of the league against Sparta . At be battles of Haliartus (395) and Coroneia (304) they again proved their rising military capacity by See also:

• STANDING

standing their ground against the Spartans . The result of the war was especially disastrous to Thebes, as the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of 387 stipulated the complete See also:

• AUTONOMY (Gr. abr6s, self, and v6pos, law)

autonomy of all Greek towns and so withdrew the other Boeotians from its See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control . Its power was further curtailed in 382, when a Spartan force occupied the citadel by a treacherous coup-de-main .

Three years later the Spartan See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison was expelled, and a democratic constitution definitely set up in place of the traditional See also:

• OLIGARCHY (Gr. oXiyot, few, apxil, rule)

oligarchy . In the consequent wars with Sparta the Theban See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, trained and led by See also:

• EPAMINONDAS (c. 418-362)

Epaminondas and See also:

• PELOPIDAS (d. 364 B.C.)

Pelopidas (q.v.), proved itself the best in Greece . Some years of desultory fighting, in which Thebes established its control over all Boeotia, culminated in 371 in a remarkable victory over the pick of the Spartans at See also:

• LEUCTRA

Leuctra (q.v.) . The winners were hailed throughout Greece as champions of the oppressed . They carried their arms into See also:

• PELOPONNESUS (" Island of Pelops ")

Peloponnesus and at the head of a large See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition permanently crippled the power of Sparta . Similar expeditions were sent to See also:

• THESSALY

Thessaly and See also:

• MACEDONIA

Macedonia to regulate the affairs of those countries . But the predominance of Thebes was See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-lived . The states which she protected were indisposed to commit themselves permanently to her tutelage, and the renewed rivalry of Athens, which had been linked with Thebes since 395 in a See also:

• COMMON

common fear of Sparta, but since 371 had endeavoured to maintain the See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance of power against her ally, prevented the formation of a Theban See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . With the See also:

• DEATH

death of Epaminondas in 362 the city sank again to the position of a secondary power . In a war with the neighbouring See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• PHOCIS

Phocis (356-346) it could not even maintain its predominance in central Greece, and by inviting See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II. of Macedon to crush the Phocians it extended that monarch's power within dangerous proximity to its frontiers . A revulsion of feeling was completed in 338 by the orator See also:

• DEMOSTHENES

Demosthenes, who persuaded Thebes to join Athens in a final attempt to See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar Philip's advance upon Attica . The Theban contingent fought bravely on behalf of Grecian See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty in the decisive battle of See also:

• CHAERONEIA, or CHAERONEA

Chaeroneia, and bore the brunt of the slaughter .

Philip was content to deprive Thebes of her dominion over Boeotia; but an unsuccessful revolt in 335 against his son See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander was punished by the complete destruction of the city, except, according to tradition, the house of the poet Pindar . Though restored in 315 by See also:

• CASSANDER (c. 350—297 B.C.)
• CASSANDER (or CASSANT), GEORGE (1513-1566)

Cassander, Thebes never again played a prominent part in history . It suffered from the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of See also:

• CHALCIS

Chalcis as the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief fortress of central Greece, and was severely handled by the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman conquerors See also:

• MUMMIUS, LUCIUS (2nd century B.c.)

Mummius and See also:

• SULLA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS (138–78 B.C.)

Sulla . See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo describes it as a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• VILLAGE

village, and in See also:

• PAUSANIAS

Pausanias's time (A.D . 170) its citadel alone was inhabited . During the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine period it served as a place of See also:

• REFUGE

refuge against See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign invaders, and from the Toth century became a centre of the new See also:

• SILK

silk See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . Though severely plundered by the See also:

• NORMANS

Normans in 1146 it recovered its prosperity and was selected by the Frankish See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty de la See also:

• ROCHE, SIR BOYLE, BART

Roche as its See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . In 1311 it was destroyed by the Catalans and passed out of history . The most famous See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of ancient Thebes was the outer wall with its seven See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates, which even as late as the 6th century B.c. was probably the largest of artificial Greek fortresses . The names of the gates vary, but four are See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant—the Proctides, Electrae, Neistae or Neitae, and Ilomolaides; Pausanias gives the others as Ogygiae, Hypsistac, Crenacae . There is See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that the See also:

• GATE

gate Electrae was on the south, and near it was the tomb of the Thebans who See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell at the capture by Alexander . The gates shown to Pausanias as Neistae and Proetides led respectively north-west and north-east .

Two of the springs have been identified with some See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability—that of St Theodore with the Oedipodea, in which Oedipus is said to have purged himself from the pollution of See also:

• HOMICIDE (Lat. homicidium)

homicide, and the Paraporti with the See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon-guarded fountain of See also:

• ARES

Ares (see CADMUS) . Dicaearchus, referring to the town of Cassander, gives two measurements for the See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, equal to about 9 m. and 5 m.; the smaller fairly corresponds to the 4b m. over which the extant remains have been traced; it consisted of See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun-dried See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick on a See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone foundation . Beyond this the See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

topography is wholly uncertain . From the See also:

• INTEREST

interest of the site in history and still more in literature, as the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of so many dramas, the temptation to See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix details has been specially strong . Conjectural plans ordescriptions, differing widely, are given by See also:

• LEAKE, WILLIAM MARTIN (1777-186o)

Leake, See also:

• FORCHHAMMER, JOHANN GEORG (1794—1865)
• FORCHHAMMER, PETER WILHELM (18o1—1894)

Forchhammer, Ulrichs, See also:

• BURSIAN, CONRAD (1830–1883)

Bursian, See also:

• FABRICIUS, GAIUS LUSCINUS (i.e. " the one-eyed ")
• FABRICIUS, GEORG (1516-1571)
• FABRICIUS, HIERONYMUS
• FABRICIUS, JOHANN ALBERT (1668-1736)
• FABRICIUS, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1745-18o8)

Fabricius and others (references below) . There are two main difficulties to contend with . The description of Pausanias was written at a time when the See also:

• LOWER

lower city was deserted, and only the temples and the gates See also:

• LEFT

left; and the references to Thebes in the See also:

• ATTIC (i.e. "in the Attic style ")

Attic dramatists are, like those to See also:

• MYCENAE

Mycenae and See also:

• ARGOS

Argos, of little or no topographical value . The See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory of Thebes is centred in the poet Pindar . It had a flourishing school of See also:

• PAINTING

painting in the 4th century, of which the most famous See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation was See also:

• ARISTIDES
• ARISTIDES ['Apuvrei817s] (c. 530—468 B.C.)
• ARISTIDES, AELIUS
• ARISTIDES, APOLOGY OF
• ARISTIDES, QUINTILIANUS

Aristides, who excelled in pathetic subjects . AUTaoRITIES.—See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus, bks. v.-ix.; See also:

• THUCYDIDES (OovavMns)

Thucydides and See also:

• XENOPHON

Xenophon (Hellenica), passim; Diodorus xvii., xix.; Pausanias ix . 5-17; M . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, Geschichte Thebens (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1879); E. v .

Stern, Geschichte der spartanischen and thebanischen Hegemonie (Dorpat, 1884), pp . 44-246; E . Fabricius, Theben (See also:

• FREIBURG

Freiburg See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im See also:

• BREISGAU

Breisgau, 189o) ; E . Funk, De Thebanorum actis, 378362 (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 189o) ; B . V . Head, Historia Numorum (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1887), pp . 295-299 . See also BOEOTIA throughout . (E .