THEISM  . corrupted, though from a very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . He regards the See also:

• STOICS

Stoics as having initiated a philosophical See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, and gives numerous references for the " three theologies " which they distinguished . See also:

• PHILO
• PHILO, HERENNIUS

Philo the See also:

• JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew is also quoted as using BeoXbyos of poets, of See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par excellence, and of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek philosophers . It is possible that the epithet BeoXoyor for St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John may go back as far as See also:

• PAPIAS

Papias . This is the first See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the See also:

• TERM

term upon See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian ground . The See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive application of BeoXbyot to the poets and myth-fanciers meets us again in See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church writers; but there is also a tendency to use the name for a philosophical theology based on the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of the See also:

• LOGOS (X4os)

Logos . In this sense See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory Nazianzen also receives the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title BeoXiyos . His 71E01 OsoXoyias is a dissertation on the knowledge of See also:

• GOD

God.' Many centuries later See also:

• ABELARD, PETER (1079-1142)

Abelard generalized the expression in books which came to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the titles Theologia Christiana and Introductio ad Theologiam . (Abelard speaks himself of " theologia nostra.") z It is of See also:

• INTEREST

interest to See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note that even in these books the Trinity and Christology are the topics of outstanding importance . In the Summa Theologiae of See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• AQUINAS, THOMAS [Thomas of AQUIN or AQUINO], (c 1227--1274)

Aquinas the technical sense is fully established . Except in See also:

• SPECIAL

special circumstances which generally explain themselves, e.g .

" Homeric Theology " (a See also:

• BOOK

book by See also:

• NAGELSBACH, CARL FRIEDRICH (1806-1859)

Nagelsbach), Old Testament Theology, See also:

• COMPARATIVE

Comparative Theology, Natural Theology, the word in See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages means the theology of the Christian Church . What follows here will be confined to that subject . While the word points to God as the special theme of the theologian, other topics inevitably find entrance . Theistic Contents See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy thinks of God as the See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute being; and of every monotheistic See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion insists, nit indeed that theology, the knowledge of God includes all knowledge, but that this supremely important knowledge throws fresh See also:

• LIGHT

light upon everything . So, with an added Christian intensity, St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul declares: " If any See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man is in See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ, he is a new creature; the old things are passed away; behold, they are become new . But all things are of God, who reconciled us to himself through Christ " (2 See also:

• COR

Cor . V . 17, 18) . A minimum See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division might be threefold—Gottesbegriff, Selbstbeurteilung, Weltanschauung.' But historically it is more important to note that Christian theology has See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed as a doctrine concerning Christ: his relation to God, our relation to God in or through him . For Christ is viewed as bringing redemption—a conception of importance in many religions, but in none so important as in See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity . Indeed, another possibility opens up here . In-See also:

• STEAD, WILLIAM THOMAS (1849– )

stead of being mainly a doctrine concerning God, or one concerning Christ, theology may be construed as being mainly the theory of Christian experience .

Most See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of theology will concur, however, in giving prominence to a complementary point of view and making their systems a study of Divine See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation . Even if they accept Natural Theology, they generally hold that Christian theology, properly so called, begins at a further point . Those who deny this were formerly called Naturalists, i.e. deniers of supernatural revelation; those who extend the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason in theology, and push back the frontier of revelation, are often called Rationalists.4 Such being the Theology usual point of view, it is See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain that the claim of as a theology to be a See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, or a See also:

• GROUP

group of sciences, is science. made in a sense of its own . In so far as theology is orderly, coherent, systematic, and seeks to See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest upon See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good grounds of some sort, it may be called a science . But, in so far as it claims to See also:

• DEAL

deal with special revelation, it lifts itself out of the circle of the sciences, and turns away from natural know- Other usages of OsoXoyia are the Divine nature of Christ (St John See also:

• CHRYSOSTOM

Chrysostom, quoted in Konstantinides' Greek See also:

• LEXICON

Lexicon), Old and New Testaments (See also:

• THEODORET

Theodoret, ib.) ; Greek theology and See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

Mosaic or revealed theology (Theodoret) . z F . See also:

• NITZSCH, GREGOR WILHELM (179x-1861)
• NITZSCH, KARL IMMANUEL (1787-1868)

Nitzsch in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Plitt, Realencyk . (1877) . See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

Fuller details regarding Abelard's writings in the same author's See also:

• ART

art. in Herzog-Hauck (1896) . 4 So See also:

• RITSCHL, ALBRECHT (1822-1889)
• RITSCHL, FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1806-1876)

Ritschl, following See also:

• SCHLEIERMACHER, FRIEDRICH DANIEL ERNST (1768-1834)

Schleiermacher, Der Christliche Glaube, § 30 . 4 A . W .

Benn (See also:

• HISTORY

History of See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• RATIONALISM (from Lat. rationalis, pertaining to reason, ratio)

Rationalism in the 19th Cent.) goes beyond See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary usage in defining rationalism as a militant' theory opposed to all belief in God.ledge towards what it regards as more intimate messages from God . Two special usages should be noted: (1) a See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval use of " theology " for mystical or intuitive knowledge of God, as in the well-known book called Theologia Germanica; (2) " theology proper," in See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant systems, is the portion of theology which deals directly with the doctrine of God . Another characteristic of theology is its secondary and reflective See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . Religion, therefore, is earlier than theo- logy . Or the theology which religion contains is in Theology a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution—vaguely defined and suffused and with emotion; important practically, but intellectu- ally unsatisfying . " Scientific " theology contrasts with this as a laboratory See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract . History may soften the contrast by discovering transitional forms, and by showing the religious interest at See also:

• WORK

work in theology as well as the scientific interest affecting early utterances of religion . Still, this contrast enters into the meaning of divines when they say that they are at work upon a science . A religious man need no more be a theologian than a poet need have a theory of See also:

• AESTHETICS

aesthetics . Where, then, are we to look for Christian theology ? It is not the truism it may seem if we reply that we are to find it in the writings of theologians . As authorities See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control- See also:

• SOURCES

sources. See also:

• LING, PER HENRIK (1776-1839)

ling their work, theologians may name the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible, or tradition, or the religious consciousness, or the Church, or some See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of these .

But the, teaching of the Bible is not systematic, and the authority of consciousness is vague; while the See also:

• CREEDS (Lat. credo, I believe), or CONFESSIONS OF FAITH

creeds into which Church tradition crystallizes emerge out of See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long theological discussions . Ordinarily, doctrine has been in See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close connexion not only with edification but with controversy . See also:

• ANSELM
• ANSELM (c. 1033-1109)

Anselm of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury stands almost alone among the See also:

• GREAT

great theological masters in working purely from a scientific interest; this holds alike of his contribution to theism and of his doctrine of See also:

• ATONEMENT

Atonement . Among the earlier theological statements are catechetical books, e.g . See also:

• CYRIL (376-444)
• CYRIL (827-869)
• CYRIL (c. 315–386)

Cyril of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem . These books See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record doctrinal instruction given, for See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical ends, to laymen of adult years who were candidates for See also:

• BAPTISM

baptism . Disinterested discussions by experts for experts is medieval rather than primitive . Modern catechisms in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of question and See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer for the instruction of baptized See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children are sometimes convenient if dry summaries of doctrine (e.g. the See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly's Shorter See also:

• CATECHISM (from Gr. Karnxeiv, teach by word of mouth)

Catechism); but sometimes they have the glow of religious tenderness, like See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther's Lesser Catechism, or the See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg Catechism . They generally expound (r) The Apostles' Creed, (2) the Ten Commandments, (3) the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord's See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

Prayer . Medieval theology has an appearance of keeping in See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with the Apostles' Creed when it divides the substance of doctrine into (usually) twelve " articles " —not always the same twelve—a See also:

• REMINISCENCE (from Lat. reminisci, to remember)

reminiscence of the legendary See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of the Creed in twelve sections by the twelve apostles . This treatment, however, has little real See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence upon the structure of medieval theology . See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Protestant writers, again, following their catechisms, often distinguish three articles—of the See also:

• FATHER

Father, of the Son, and of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Spirit .

This, too, is no more than convenient phraseology . Before the Christian See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, there had been a good deal of reflective thinking in the Jewish schools, though the interest there was legal rather than speculative . To some extent Christianity in- Jewish herited this Jewish theology . True, Jesus Christ sprang theology. from the See also:

• PEOPLE

people . He was a" layman" (Paul Wernle),with- out technical Jewish See also:

• LORE
• LORE, AMBROISE DE (1396-1446)

lore . The great attainment of the Old Testament, ethical monotheism, had become the See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• PROPERTY

property of the nation; it occurs in Christianity as a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple presupposition . Early Christian writers find it unnecessary to prove what no one dreams of questioning . Along with this great doctrine there pass on into Christianity the slowly attained See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of resurrection and the dreadful doctrine of future See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment for the wicked . Leading thoughts in the teaching of Jesus, so far as they are new, are the Fatherhood of God—new at least in the central See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place given it—the imminence of the " See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom " or See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment of God, and Jesus' own place as " See also:

• MESSIAH (Dan. x. 25, 26)

Messiah," i.e. as See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king (and as See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge) . The "second founder" of Christianity, Paul of See also:

• TARSUS (mod. Tersous)

Tarsus, was indeed rabbinically trained . His recoil from Judaism is all the more intense because of St Paul. the special intellectual presuppositions which he See also:

• CON

con- tinues to See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share with Judaism . In many respects, Pauline Christianity is the obverse of the Pharisaic creed .

Modern Christians are . tempted to See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge the seeming extravagance of St Paul's thought upon his Jewish See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance, while modern See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews are tempted to stigmatize them as See also:

• GROTESQUE

grotesque exaggerations of reasonable rabbinical doctrines . Probably both are right, and both wrong . The germs were Jewish; but, transported to a new See also:

• SOIL

soil, and watered with a new See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm, they assumed new forms . These cannot claim the merit of correctness, but they are See also:

• WORKS

works of religious See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius . At the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, they employ all the resources of See also:

• DIALECTIC, or DIALECTICS

dialectic, and have, therefore, taken quite See also:

• HALF

half the See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey from See also:

• PRIMARY

primary religion to theology . But the dislocation of religious thinking, when Christianity ceased to be a Jewish faith and found a See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home with Gentiles, destroyed the continuity of Paulinism and of Jewish thought working through St Paul . In later times, when Paulinism revived, the epistles spoke for themselves, though they were not always correctly understood . It should be added that, according to A . See also:

• HARNACK, ADOLF (1851– )

Harnack, Hellenistic Judaism had worked out the principles of a theology which simply passed on into the Greek-speaking Christian Church . Besides the teaching of Jesus (best preserved in the first three gospels) and the teaching of Paul (in six, ten, or thirteen Contents epistles), the See also:

• RECENT

recent " science " of New Testament of New theology finds other types of doctrine . The See also:

• EPISTLE

Epistle to Testa- the See also:

• HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE

Hebrews is a parallel to Paulinism, working out See also:

• MEAT

meat. upon See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent lines the finality of Christianity and its superiority to the Old Testament .

The Johannine See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel and Epistles are later than Paulinism, and presuppose its leading or less startling positions . Whatever See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical elements may be preserved in Christ's discourses as given in the See also:

• FOURTH

Fourth Gospel, these discourses See also:

• FIT

fit into the author's type of thought better than into the synoptical framework . They have been transformed . I See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter is good independent Paulinism . The Epistle of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James may breathe a Christianized Jewish legalism, or, as others hold, it may breathe the legalism (not untouched by Jewish influences) of popular See also:

• GENTILE
• GENTILE, C

Gentile-Christian thought . The Johannine See also:

• APOCALYPSE
• APOCALYPSE (Gr. aaoKaXvti/hr, disclosure)
• APOCALYPSE, KNIGHTS OF THE

Apocalypse is chiefly interesting as an apocalypse . F . C . See also:

• BAUR, FERDINAND CHRISTIAN (1792-1860)

Baur and his school interpreted it as a manifesto of See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Pauline Jewish Christianity; on the contrary, it closely approaches Paul's doctrine of the Atonement and his Christology . Other writings are of less importance . Acts is indeed of interest in showing us Paulinism in a later See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage; the writer wishes to reproduce his great See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master's thought, but his Paulinism is simplified and cut down . Possibly the See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

Pastoral Epistles show the same See also:

• PROCESS

process .

When we go outside the New Testament, this involuntary lack of grasp becomes even more marked . Neither the theory of infallible See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration, with its assertion of absolute uniformity in the New Testament, nor Baur's See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism, with its assertion of irreconcilable antagonisms, is See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne out by facts . The New Testament is many-sided, but it has a predominant spiritual unity . Only in See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor details do contradictions emerge . It is to be remembered that criticism has broken up the historical unity of the New Testament collection and placed many of its components See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by side with writings which have never been canonized, and which conservative writers had supposed to be distinctly later . But in regard to date there has been a remarkable See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat from the earlier See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical assertions . And at any See also:

• RATE

rate, since the New Testament See also:

• CANON

canon was set up, New Testament writings have had a theological influence which no others can claim . On both sides of the great transition from being a Jewish to being a Gentile faith, Christianity, according to recent study, mani- Bathus- fested itself as " enthusiastic." We may distinguish See also:

• MANN, HORACE (1796-1859)

Mann „ several points in this conception . (I) Most important, perhaps—the end of the See also:

• WORLD

world was held to be close at See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . "Kingdom of God " as generally used was an eschatological concept ; and, whatever difficulties there may be as to certain gospel passages, Christ, to say the least, cannot have disclaimed this view . The watchword rings through all the New Testament—" the Lord is at hand.” A broader popular form was given to this expectation in " See also:

• CHILIASM (from Gr. xiAeao-6s, XL)woI, a thousand)

Chiliasm "—the doctrine of the " Thousand " years' reign' of Christ on See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth (Rev. xx . 1-7) .

But even Chiliasm —which itself has its subtler and its grosser modifications—is found in early Gentile as well as in early Jewish Christianity . (2) I See also:

• CORINTHIANS

Corinthians shows us a _ Christian community filled with disturbances, and apparently without recognized officials . The democratic, or rather theocratic, rights of the spiritual man were for a time relied on to extemporize so much Church See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government as might be needed till the Master returned . Yet the beginnings of Church See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order come earlier than those of doctrine proper; and much earlier than the cooling of eschatological hopes . (3) There are traces inside and 'Four See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years is another significant figure in the Jewish book, 4 See also:

• EZRA (from a Hebrew word meaning " help ")
• EZRA, FOURTH BOOK (or APOCALYPSE) OF
• EZRA, THIRD BOOK OF [I Esdras]

Ezra.outside the New Testament of aversion to receiving back into Church fellowship those who, after confessing Christ, had been guilty of See also:

• GRAVE

grave sins . The New Testament See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence is by no means See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform (contrast Heb. vi . 4-6, x . 26-31; 1 John v . 16; with 2 Cor. ii . 7) ; but this high conception of Church holiness is attested by a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of rigorist " heresies" during the early centuries; and nothing could be more characteristic of eschatological enthusiasm . Those who had fallen were not banished from hope, even by the rigorists . Still, their See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case was held over for a higher Judge; while the Church, especially in these more Puritian and separatist See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, kept her garments See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white .

(4) The enthusiastic view of the possibilities of the Christian See also:

• LIFE

life—associated, as modern and especially Western Christians must suspect, with shallow See also:

• EXTERNAL

external views of See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin—See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent itself to belief iin sinless perfection . Even St Paul has been supposed, not without a certain plausibility, to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach the sinless perfection of real Christians . The See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West, with its theology protesting in the background, but in vain, still sings the prayer of the Te Deum: " Vouchsafe, 0 Lord, to keep us this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day without sin." Such an enthusiastic See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper does not lend itself to cool theory . Why should theology labour at See also:

• DEFINITIONS

definitions ? " The Lord is at hand;" a Christian's one See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom is to be ready to MateNai meet him . And yet materials for theology were richly for provided even during this period . That is true above all theology. of the man whom we know best in New Testament days St Paul . Himself through and through animated with the joyful hope, even when prepared to surrender (2 Cor . V . 8; Phil. i . 23, ii . 17) the prospect of See also:

• PERSONAL

personal survival (i Thess. iv .

17; i Cor. xv . 51, 52) until that See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright day, yet as a teacher he See also:

• LAYS

lays such stress upon Christ's first coming that the emphasis on the second See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

Advent may be struck out—leaving still, we might almost claim, a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete Paulinism . He who planned his See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns to the great civilized centres of See also:

• CORINTH
• CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF

Corinth, See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus and See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, and thus prepared for a historic future of which he did not See also:

• DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

dream, See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew his See also:

• PARALLELS

parallels of thought with no less See also:

• FIRM

firm hand, and showed himself indeed " a See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise master-builder." In one aspect See also:

• MONTANISM

Montanism is the central reaction of the primitive Christian enthusiasm against the forces which were transforming its character . Of course it had other aspects and elements as well . See also:

• HIPPOLYTUS
• HIPPOLYTUS, THE CANONS OF

Hippolytus and Novatian repeat the protest less vehemently; Donatism shows it blended with later hierarchical ideas . But, when the enthusiasm cooled, it was Greek thought which interpreted the contents of Christianity . The process of See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change is called by Harnack sometimes " secularization" and Greekinsometimes ' Hellenization." "Acute Hellenizing," we are Buenos . told, took the form of See also:

• GNOSTICISM (Gr. yvwvcs, knowledge)

Gnosticism . The Gnostics were the " first theologians." When the Church in turn began to produce a theology of her own she was imitating as well as guarding against those wayward See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits . What was to be the central topic ? The Church's first creed had been " the Fatherhood of God and the Messiahship of Jesus " (A . Ritschl) ; but the " See also:

• RULE

Rule of Faith " (See also:

• IRENAEUS

Irenaeus; See also:

• TERTULLIAN (c. 155-c. 222)

Tertullian, who uses the exact expression; See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen)—that See also:

• SUMMARY

summary of religiously important facts which was meant to See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward off See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error without reliance on speculations such as the Logos doctrine—built itself up along the lines of the baptismal See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula of Matt. See also:

• XXVIII

xxviii .

192 There are traces in the New Testament of a baptismal See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession simply of the name of Christ (1 Cor. i . 13, 15; Rom. vi . 2; cf. even the See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse Acts viii . 37), not of the three-See also:

• FOLD

fold name . Moreover, textual criticism points to an early type of See also:

• READING

reading in Matt. xxviii . 19 without the threefold formula . Still, it is See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange how completely this seemingly isolated passage takes command of the development of early theology . Out of the Rule of Faith there came in time what tradition miscalls the Apostles' Creed—the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman baptismal creed, a formulary of great importance in all the West; then other creeds, which also are in a sense expansions of the Rule of Faith . The Greek mind threw itself upon the problem—who precisely is Jesus Christ the Lord ? His Messiahship is asserted; who then is Doctrine the Messiah? and this second figure in the baptismal of Trinity confession ? A provisional answer, linking Christian andof theology with the philosophical theology of antiquity, See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of asserted Jesus Christ to be the divine Logos . But this Christ. assertion was See also:

• EXPANDED

expanded and refined upon till two great doctrines had been built up—that of the Trinity of divine Persons in the unity of the Godhead, and that of the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of two distinct natures, divine and human, in the person of Jesus Christ .

It is curious that the Syrian church of the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century (e.g . See also:

• APHRAATES (a Greek form of the Persian name Aphraha>: or Pharhadh)

Aphraates) was almost unaffected by the great dogmatic debates . But there is no hint of a reasoned rejection of Greek developments in favour of primitive simplicity, still less of any independent theological development . Aphraates accepts the Logos Christology, and, soon after his time, his church is found on the beaten track of orthodoxy . 2 H .Harnack is right in regarding a New Testament canon as one of the " See also:

• APOSTOLICAL

Apostolical authorities " which the Church brought into the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field against Gnosticism, we see the truth on historical rounds of the position taught on dogmatic grounds by R . See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

Rainy Delivery and Development of Christian Doctrine)—scriptural faith f Delivery the starting-point but the See also:

• GOAL

goal of theological development . The starting-point is rather he " Rule of Faith." Modern Christians generally See also:

• TRUST

trust this development; and all of them must admit that it seeks to answer a question arising out of the elements of New Testament belief . There is one God; but also there is one Lord; how are the two related ? The strongest claim that can be put forward for the doctrine of the Trinity is that it is loyal to Christ without being disloyal to the Divine unity . Concurrently, there was a speculative or philosophical interest; and some prefer to defend Trinitarianism as a reconciliation of the See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality with the infinity of God . But the biblical materials worked up in the doctrine betray little sign of any except a religious, interest . We may take it as well established that St Paul (2 Cor. viii .

9: Phil. ii . 5–11) taught the personal pre-existence of Christ . A . M . See also:

• FAIRBAIRN, ANDREW MARTIN (1838- )
• FAIRBAIRN, SIR WILLIAM

Fairbairn (Phil. of Christian Religion, p . 476) has argued that Paul could not have given this teaching unless he had known of Christ's advancing the claim . Fairbairn barely refers to the Fourth Gospel in this connexion, and it is doubtful-whether Matt. xi . 27 will bear such See also:

• WEIGHT

weight as he puts upon it . Of course, we might seek to infer an unwritten tradition of Christ's words; but without pedantic ultra-Protestant devotion to written scripture, one may distrust on scientific grounds the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to reconstruct tradition by a process of inference . If such records as John vi . 36, viii . 58, xvii .

3, 4 can be taken as historical, we may feel certain that Jesus taught his pre-existence . If not, modern Christian minds will hardly regard the doctrine as more than a See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation . Yet we should mention another See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument of some weight . There is no trace that any Jewish Christian critics challenged St Paul's Christology . This may point to its being the Christology of the whole Church . If so, who could first teach it except the one Master ? \V Bousset has suggested that the title " Son of Man " (See also:

• DAN

Dan. via . 13), used by Jesus, may have come to imply for all early Christians personal pre-existence . W . See also:

• WREDE, KARL

Wrede and others have more boldly conjectured that the Christ's pre-existence had become an accepted See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in Jewish Messianic—it certainly occurs in one portion of the Book of See also:

• ENOCH, BOOK OF

Enoch and in 4 Ezra'—and that Paul merely transferred to Jesus a doctrine which he had held while still in the Jews' religion . " Son of God " might seem to carry us further still; but the Old Testament makes See also:

• FREE

free use of the title as a metaphorical See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour, and we have no See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that any Jewish school interpreted the phrase differently . The See also:

• RIVAL

rival type of early theology is known as Adoptionism or See also:

• ADOPTIANISM

Adoptianism (q.v.) .

According to it, the man Jesus was exalted See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

Adoption- to Messianic or divine See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank . It has been argued that ism. the narrative of Christ's baptism points to anAdoptionist Christclogy, and that the genealogies of Jesus (through See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph) presuppose this type of belief, if not a still See also:

• LOWER

lower view of Christ's person . It has further been argued that the narratives of the Virgin See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth (See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew, See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke) are an intermediate stage in Christology . When pre-existence is clearly taught (Paul, John), virgin birth, it is suggested, loses its importance; another theory of Divine Sonship has established itself . This trenchant See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis is, however, not universally admitted . Further development of doctrine weeded out the last traces of Adoptionist belief,' though Christ's exaltation continued to be taught in correlation to His humiliation (Phil. ii . 8), and became in due time a dogmatic See also:

• LOCUS (Lat. for " place "; in Gr. rinros)

locus in Protestantism . The lineaments of Greek Christian theology show themselves more clearly in See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

Martyr than in the other Apologists, but still more plainly in Irenaeus, who, with little speculative See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, keeps the safe See also:

• MIDDLE

middle path . Tertullian's legal training as a lawyer was a curious coincidence, if nothing more, and those legal concepts which show themselves strongly in him have done much to See also:

• MOULD

mould the Western type of Christian theology . He had great influence on the course of Latin theology, partly through his own writings, but still more through the spell he See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast upon See also:

• CYPRIAN, SAINT [Caecilius Cyprianus, called THASCIUS] (c. 200–258)

Cyprian . At See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria, See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement and his great See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil Origen state Christianity in terms of philosophy . Origen's See also:

• TREATISE

treatise, De Przincipiis, origen. is the first and in some respects the greatest theo- logical See also:

• SYSTEM

system in the whole of Church history .

The Catechetical school was primarily meant for instructing adult inquirers into Christianity . But it had attained the rank of a Christian university; and in this treatise Origen does not furnish See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk for babes; he writes for himself and for like-minded See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends . Wildly conjectural as it may seem, his thinking—though partly Greek and only in See also:

• PART

part biblical—is The passages referred to have sometimes, but with no great See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability, been regarded as Christian infiltrations . 2 Adoptionism is one See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• MONARCHIANISM

Monarchianism . The other species,llodalism, has its most important type historically in Sabellianism . And the name Sabellianism is often loosely applied (e.g. to Swedenborgianism) to any modalistic Monarchianism (Christ one phase of God . Not three persons in the Godhead, but a threefold revelation of a God strictly one in person).completely fused together in his own mind . Nor does it ever suffer from lack of thoroughness . It may be summed up in one word as the theology of free will . Unfaltering use is made of that conception as a See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key to all religious and moral problems . Usually, apologists and divines are hampered by the fact that, beyond a certain limited range, men cannot be regarded as separable moral See also:

• UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF
• UNITS, PHYSICAL

units . A new world, after See also:

• DEATH

death, may be called in to redress the See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance of the old; but anomalies remain which faith in a future See also:

• IMMORTALITY (Lat. in-, not, mortalis, mortal, from mors, death)

immortality does not touch .

Origen called in a second new world—that of pre-existence . All souls were tried once, with equal See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege; all See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save one, who steadily slave to the Logos, and thus merited to become in due time the human soul of Jesus Christ . No higher See also:

• FUNCTION

function could be given to free will; unless, by an extravagance, some theologian should teach that the Almighty Himself had merited His See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty by the virtuous use of freedom . On the other hand, a See also:

• SHADOW (0. Eng. Schadewe, sceadu; a form of " shade "; connected with Gr. 6-Ore's, darkness)

shadow is cast upon the future by Origen's fear that incalculable free will may again depart from God . Human birth in a grossly material See also:

• BODY

body is partly due to the pre-temporal fall of souls; here we see in Origen the Greek, the dualist (mind and See also:

• MATTER

matter), the ascetic, and to some extent the kinsman of the Gnostics . But he breaks away again when he asserts that God ever See also:

• WILLS, WILLIAM GORMAN (1828-1891)

wills to do good, and is seeking each lost soul until He find it . Even Satan must repent and live.' It was not possible that this brilliant tour de force should become the theology of Christendom . Origen contributed one or two points to the central development of thought; e.g. the Son of God is " eternally " begotten in a continuous process . But while to Origen creation also was a continuous process, an unspeculative orthodoxy struck out the latter point as inconsistent with biblical teaching; and we must See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant that the eternal See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation of the Divine Son adds a more distinctive See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory to the Logos when it is no longer balanced by an eternal creation . While the Church thus lived upon fragments of Origen's wisdom, lovers of the great See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar and thinker, who had dominated his age, and reconciled many a heretic to his own version of orthodoxy, must submit to have him branded as a heretic in later days, when all freedom of thought was falling under suspicion . For a time, freedom in scholarship lingered in the younger rival of Alexandria, the school of See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch; though speculation was never so strong there . Alexandria, on the other hand, tended to be unduly speculative and allegorizing even in its scholarship .

The antagonism of the two schools governs much of the history of doctrine; and b