See also:

• THEMISTOCLES (c. 514-449 B.C.)

THEMISTOCLES (c. 514-449 B.C.)  , Athenian soldier and statesman in some respects probably the ablest and most far-sighted whom See also:

• GREECE

Greece produced in the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 5th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . He was the son of Neocles, an Athenian of no distinction and moderate means, his See also:

• MOTHER

mother being a Carian or a Thracian, Hence according to the Periclean See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law iE &,u, oiv avroiv he would not have been a See also:

• FREE

free Athenian at all (see See also:

• PERICLES (49o-429 B.C.)

PERICLES) . See also:

• THUCYDIDES (OovavMns)

Thucydides properly brings out the fact that, though he lacked that See also:

• EDUCATION

education which was the See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory of the Periclean See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, he displayed a marvellous See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of analysing a complex situation together with a See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius for rapid See also:

• ACTION

action . See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch similarly enlarges on his consuming ambition for power both See also:

• PERSONAL

personal and See also:

• NATIONAL

national, and the unscrupulous ability with which he pursued his ends . In all these points he is the See also:

• ANTITHESIS (the Greek for " setting opposite ")

antithesis of his See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• RIVAL

rival See also:

• ARISTIDES
• ARISTIDES ['Apuvrei817s] (c. 530—468 B.C.)
• ARISTIDES, AELIUS
• ARISTIDES, APOLOGY OF
• ARISTIDES, QUINTILIANUS

Aristides (q.v.) . Of his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years little is known . He may have been See also:

• STRATEGUS (oTparfyos)

strategus of his tribe at See also:

• MARATHON

Marathon (F;ut . Arist . 5) and we are told that he deeply envied the glory which See also:

• MILTIADES

Miltiades earned . At al; events the See also:

• DEATH

death of Miltiades See also:

• LEFT

left the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage to Aristides and See also:

• THEMISTOCLES (c. 514-449 B.C.)

Themistocles . It is sufficiently clear that their rivalry, terminated in 483-82 by the See also:

• OSTRACISM

ostracism of Aristides, turned largely on the fact that Themistocles was the See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate of a policy of See also:

• NAVAL

naval expansion . This policy was unquestionably of the highest importance to See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens and indeed to Greece .

Athens was faced by the equal if not See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior power of See also:

• AEGINA
• AEGINA (EGINA or ENGIA)

Aegina, while the danger of a renewed See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian invasion loomed large on the See also:

• HORIZON (Gr. 6pfTwv, dividing)

horizon . Themistocles therefore persuaded his countrymen to put in See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand the See also:

• BUILDING

building of 200 triremes, and —what was of even greater importance—to fortify the three natural harbours of See also:

• PEIRAEUS, or PIRAEUS (Gr. Hetpaceur)

Peiraeus (see E . See also:

• GARDNER
• GARDNER, PERCY (1846– )

Gardner, See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient Athens, 562 f.) in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the open roadstead of Phalerum . For the building of the See also:

• SHIPS

ships Themistocles persuaded the Athenians to allocate 100 talents obtained from the new See also:

• SILVER

silver mines at See also:

• LAURIUM
• LAURIUM (Aabptov, mod. ERGASTIRI)

Laurium (See also:

• ATH, or AATII

Ath . Pol . 22) which were about to be distributed to the citizens (10 drachmae each) . One See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred of the proposed 200 were built . According to the Ath . Pol. it would seem that Themistocles was See also:

• ARCHON (apywv, ruler)

archon in 483-82 at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when this naval See also:

• PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

programme began . See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius of See also:

• HALICARNASSUS (mod. Budrum)

Halicarnassus places his archonship in 403-92, in favour of which are several considerations . In 487 the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office lost much of its importance owing to the substitution of the See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot for See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election: the See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance that the lot would at the particular crisis of 483 fall on Themistocles was obviously remote: and the Ath . Pol. is generally wrong about Themistocles .

In any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the See also:

• YEAR

year See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to the invasion of See also:

• XERXES (the Greek form of the Pers. Khshayarsha; Old Testament Ahasverus, Akhashverosh—i.e. Ahasuerus (q.v.)—with wrong vocalization and substitution of y for v, instead of Akhshavarsh; in Aramaic inscriptions and papyri from Egypt the name is written Khs

Xerxes found Themistocles the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man in Athens if not in Greece . Though the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• FLEET

fleet was nominally under the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the Spartan Eurybiades, it was Themistocles who caused the Greeks to fight the indecisive See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Artemisium, and still more it was he who, by his See also:

• THREAT

threat that he would See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead the Athenian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army to found a new See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West, and by his treacherous See also:

• MESSAGE (a word occurring in slightly different forms in several languages, e.g. Fr. message, Span. mensaje, Ital. messagio; adapted from the Low Lat. missaticum, from mittere)

message to Xerxes, precipitated the engagement at See also:

• SALAMIS

Salamis (q.v.) . The retirement of the Persians left the Athenians free to restore their ruined See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city (see ATHENS) . See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta, nominally on the ground that it was dangerous to Greece that there should be any citadel See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

Isthmus which an invader might hold, urged that this should not be done, but Themistocles by means of See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic delays and subterfuges enabled the See also:

• WORK

work to be carried sufficiently near to completion to make the .walls defensible . He also carried out his See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of making Peiraeus a real See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour and fortress for Athens . Athens thus became the finest See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade centre in Greece, and this fact, coupled with Themistocles' remission of the See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien's tax (s rohaov), induced many See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign business men to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle in Athens . After the crisis of the Persian invasion Themistocles and Aristides appear to have composed their See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences . But Themistocles soon began to lose the confidence of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, partly owing to his boastfulness (it is said that he built near his own See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house a See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary to See also:

• ARTEMIS

Artemis Aristoboule " of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good counsel ") and partly to his alleged readiness to take bribes . Diodorus (xi . 54) and Plutarch (Themist . 23) both refer to some See also:

• ACCUSATION (Lat. accusatio, accusare, to challenge to a causa, a suit or trial at law)

accusation levelled against him,' and some time between 476 and 471 he was ostracized . He retired to See also:

• ARGOS

Argos, but the Spartans further accused him of treasonable intrigues with See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, and he fled to Corcyra, thence to See also:

• ADMETUS

Admetus, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of the Molossians, and finally to See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor .

He was proclaimed a traitor at Athens and his See also:

• PROPERTY

property was confiscated, though his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends saved him some portion of it . He was well received by the Persians and was allowed to settle in See also:

• MAGNESIA

Magnesia on the Maeander . The revenues (5o talents) of this See also:

• TOWN

town were assigned to him for See also:

• BREAD

bread, those of Myus for condiments, those of See also:

• LAMPSACUS

Lampsacus for See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine . He died at Magnesia at the age of sixty-five, and a splendid memorial was raised by the people of the ' There is, however, much difficulty regarding this accusation . It may be simply a misunderstanding of his ostracism.town, though it is said that his bones were secretly transferred to See also:

• ATTICA

Attica . He was worshipped by the Magnesians as a See also:

• GOD

god, as we find from a See also:

• COIN
• COIN (older forms of the word are coyne, quoin and coign, all derived through the O. Fr. coing, and cuigne from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

coin on which he is shown with a See also:

• PATERA

patera in his hand and a slain See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull at his feet (hence perhaps the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend that he died from drinking bull's See also:

• BLOOD

blood: cf . Aristoph . Eq . 83; Diod. xi . 58; Plut . Them . 31) .

Though his end was discreditable, though his great See also:

• WEALTH

wealth can hardly have been obtained by loyal public service, there is no doubt that his services to Athens and to Greece were great . He created the Athenian fleet and with it the possibility of the Delian See also:

• LEAGUE

League (q.v.) which became the Athenian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, and there are many indications (e.g. his well-attested plan of expansion in the west) that the later imperialist ideal originated in his fertile See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain . There are monographs by See also:

• BAUER, BRUNO (1809-1882)

Bauer (See also:

• MERSEBURG

Merseburg, 1881) and Wecklein (See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, 1882); but the best discussions of his career will be found in the chief Greek histories- e.g . Busolt; on the difficult See also:

• CHRONOLOGY (Gr. xpovo?oyfa, computation of time, xp6vos)

chronology of his later years see See also:

• GROTE, GEORGE (1794–1871)

Grote, See also:

• HISTORY

History of Greece (and the one-vol. ed. by See also:

• MITCHELL
• MITCHELL, DONALD GRANT (1822—1908)
• MITCHELL, MARIA (1818—1889)
• MITCHELL, SILAS WEIR (1830-)
• MITCHELL, SIR THOMAS LIVINGSTONE (1792-1855)

Mitchell and See also:

• CASPARI, KARL PAUL (1814-1892)

Caspari, 1907, p . 283, See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note 1, with the authorities there quoted) ; on the Magnesian coin, Rhousopoulos, in Athen . Mitteil . (1896), p . 22 . On the walls, see Ed . See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer in See also:

• HERMES
• HERMES, GEORG (1775-1831)

Hermes, xl . (1905), pp . 561-569 .

(J . M .