See also:

• THERAMENES (d. 4o3 B.c.)

THERAMENES (d. 4o3 B.c.)  , Athenian statesman, was the adopted son of Hagnon, a prominent conservative who in 430 impeached See also:

• PERICLES (49o-429 B.C.)

Pericles, and after the Sicilian expedition became one of the ten probuli (irp6f3ovXot, commissioners) appointed to devise economies in the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration . As a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of the sophist Prodicus he acquired facility in public speaking . Under his See also:

• FATHER

father's patronage he joined in the conservative reaction which came to a See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head in 411, when hopes of a See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance or See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace with See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta strengthened the existing dissatisfaction with the democratic See also:

• RULE

rule . See also:

• THERAMENES (d. 4o3 B.c.)

Theramenes specially studied the constitutional See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of this See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement and formulated a new party-cry, " the constitution of our fathers." It was no doubt largely due to his advocacy that the probuli, strengthened by further members, were commissioned to draft new See also:

• MEASURES

measures on behalf of the public safety and to examine See also:

• CLEISTHENES

Cleisthenes' " ancestral See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code." In their See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report the following measures were recommended: (i.) annulment of the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act against promulgating illegal measures; (ii.) abolition of pay, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save for the troops in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field and the archons; (iii.) restriction of the See also:

• FRANCHISE (from 0. Fr. franchise, freedom, franc, free)

franchise to 5000 able to serve "with See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person and See also:

• PURSE (Late Lat. bursa, adapted from Gr. Gupta, hide, skin; possibly O. Eng. pusa, bag, has influenced the change from b to p)

purse"; (iv.) the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board to choose the 5000 . When these proposals were passed (apparently in a packed See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly outside the walls), a Constituent Assembly of too was elected, nominally by the 5000, who as yet were a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere phantom See also:

• BODY

body, in point of fact by the leading conspirators . The new constitution provided for a See also:

• BOULE (Gr. 0ovXi ,, literally " will," " advice "; hence a " council ")

boule whose members were to be recruited by See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot from all citizens above See also:

• THIRTY

thirty; the functions of this body to be exercised by four sections succeeding one another by yearly rotation and serving without pay; all high officials to be chosen by it out of its own members . This See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme embodied the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief reforms desired by Theramenes, and marks the See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of his policy . But before it could be carried into effect it was superseded by a " provisional constitution," which gave un-limited See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to a boule of 400 (chosen by a roundabout See also:

• SYSTEM

system which favoured intrigue) and its nominees, the ten " See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute " generals . This extreme reaction displeased Theramenes, who in return began to agitate for the calling of the 5000 into real existence . Furthermore he warned See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens against the See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason of the extreme oligarchs, and induced the troops to raze a See also:

• MOLE
• MOLE, LOUIS MATHIEU, COMTE (1781—1855)
• MOLE, MATHIEU (1584—1656)

mole erected to facilitate a Spartan descent on See also:

• PEIRAEUS, or PIRAEUS (Gr. Hetpaceur)

Peiraeus . After the disaster of See also:

• ERETRIA (mod. Aletria)

Eretria (see PELOPONNESIAN See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

WAR), which caused the fall of the extremists and the institution of a See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of " 5000 " (i.e. all citizens who could afford a suit of See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour), Theramenes stood in high esteem . After assisting in the See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution of his former colleagues he received the command of a See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron with which he helped to win the See also:

• GREAT

great victory at See also:

• CYZICUS

Cyzicus (410) and to recover the See also:

• BOSPORUS, or BOSPHORUS (Gr. Boo-iopos=ox-ford, tradition-ally connected with Io, daughter of Inachus, who, in the form of a heifer, crossed the Thracian Bosporus on her wanderings)

Bosporus .

After the triumph of the See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical democrats which followed upon these successes he lost his high command . At Arginusae (406) he fought as a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• SHIP

ship's See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain, but after the See also:

• BATTLE

battle was commissioned by the generals to See also:

• RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)

rescue some drowning crews, an See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order which, with his See also:

• ILL

ill-trained and exhausted troops, in a heavy See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm, he was unable to carry out . For this failure the generals were severely criticized at Athens; an inquiry by the boule led to their See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest, and before the See also:

• ECCLESIA (Gr. EKKX ria, from Lc, out, and Ka)teiv, to call)

ecclesia they aggravated their See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case by See also:

• PLEADING (Fr. plaider, plaidoyer)

pleading (i.) that the storm made a rescue impossible, (ii.) that Theramenes was to blame . Theramenes in reply brought out the implied See also:

• CONTRADICTION, PRINCIPLE OF (principium contradictionis)

contradiction in these statements, and in consequence the assembly condemned the accused to See also:

• DEATH

death and subsequently returned Theramenes See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general . See also:

• LATE

Late in 405 Theramenes went as plenipotentiary to See also:

• LYSANDER (Gr. Abcavdpos)

Lysander (q.v.) to obtain peace terms; after See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long negotiations he proceeded to Sparta and arranged a See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement which the Athenians ratified (See also:

• APRIL

April 404) . In spite of this peace the disorder in Athens did not abate . The restored fugitives selected five " ephors," including See also:

• CRITIAS

Critias, to organize a revolution, while the radicals opposed that return to the " ancestral constitution " for which Theramenes had stipulated . Hereupon Lysander returned to Athens and had a Constituent See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee elected, of whom ten members were nominees of each See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section . In this body Theramenes at first assumed the chief See also:

• PART

part, . and the new measures rescinding the See also:

• LAWS

laws against the See also:

• AREOPAGUS ("Apews Ilayos)

Areopagus and sup-pressing sycophancy were well received . But, exactly as in 411, a more violent party under Critias, forgetting its real duties, appointed an autocratic boule of its own creatures, and proceeded by judicial murders and confiscations to See also:

• EARN

earn for the new government the name of " the Thirty Tyrants." Theramenes protested, and managed to get a See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen-body of 3000 admitted to a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of the government . Critias, however, fearing a renewal of the collapse of 411, disarmed the See also:

• PEOPLE

people and decided to remove Theramenes before he could create a new democratic party . The latter successfully repelled Critias' denunciation of treason, but was led away by violence and forced to take See also:

• POISON

poison .

His well-known gibe, " Here's to the See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble Critias," attests his strength of mind at the See also:

• HOUR

hour of death.' Theramenes demonstrably had a definite policy throughout his career . His ideal was a return to a 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century constitution, which his contemporaries could equally regard as a moderate See also:

• OLIGARCHY (Gr. oXiyot, few, apxil, rule)

oligarchy or a restricted See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main features of his See also:

• PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

programme were: (I) See also:

• PROPERTY

property qualification for franchise; (ii.) abolition of pay; (iii.) transference of some judicial See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers from the popular courts to a restored Areopagus . At times he seemed likely to succeed, but amid the violent oscillations of party he could not definitely join any one See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction, and so earned the See also:

• NICKNAME

nickname K6Bopvos (a See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage-See also:

• BOOT

boot fitting either See also:

• FOOT

foot) . See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle, however, discerned Theramenes' real policy, and, like See also:

• CICERO

Cicero and See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, in later years ranked him among the greatest Athenian statesmen . See also:

• SOURCES

SouRCES.—The Constitution of Athens with its numerous documents affords much valuable knowledge, but does not give the inner See also:

• HISTORY

history of 411 . Thucydidcs viii. supplies this, but his ' The attempted rescue by Isocrates (Pseudo-See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch, Vitae X . Oratorum) is improbable; but Theramenes may have taught Isocrates in See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

oratory . knowledge of the constitutional side of the revolution and of Theramenes' activity is somewhat fragmentary . See also:

• XENOPHON

Xenophon (Hellenica, i., ii.) was an See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye-See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness in 406–403, but is clearly inaccurate in his details and prejudiced throughout . See also:

• LYSIAS

Lysias (c . Eratosth. and c .

Agorat.) gives an avowedly hostile See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of Theramenes . Diodorus xiii., xiv., goes too far in making Theramenes a pure democrat . See also Plutarch, Cicero, See also:

• CHAP

chap . 59; Cicero, de Oratore, iii . 16, 59; Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Aristoteles and Athen (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin and See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1893), ii. p . 113 sqq.; E . See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer, Forschungen zur See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien Geschichte (See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, 1899), ii. pp . 406 sqq.; B . Perrin in See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• HISTORICAL

Historical See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, ix . (1904), pp . 649-69 . (M .

0 . B .