See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

FRIEDRICH See also:

• FRIEDRICH THOLUCK

THOLUCK  " See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

AUGUST GOTTREU (1799-1877), See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant divine, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau, on the 3oth of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1799 . He received his See also:

• EDUCATION

education at the gymnasium and university of his native See also:

• TOWN

town, and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early distinguished himself by See also:

• GREAT

great versatility of mind and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of acquiring See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages . A love of See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental languages and literature led him to See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange the university of Breslau for that of See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, that he might study to greater See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage, and there he was received into the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of the Orientalist Heinrich See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich von See also:

• DIEZ
• DIEZ, FRIEDRICH CHRISTIAN (1794–1876)

Diez (1730-1817) . He was introduced to pietistic circles in Berlin, and came specially under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron Hans See also:

• ERNST, HEINRICH WILHELM (1814–1865)

Ernst von Kottwitz (1757-1843), who became his " spiritual See also:

• FATHER

father," and of the historian See also:

• NEANDER, JOACHIM (1650–1680)
• NEANDER, JOHANN AUGUST WILHELM (1789-1850)

Neander . Before deciding on the career of theological See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor, he had in view that of a missionary in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East . Meanwhile he was feeling the influence to a certain degree of the romantic school, and of See also:

• SCHLEIERMACHER, FRIEDRICH DANIEL ERNST (1768-1834)

Schleiermacher and See also:

• HEGEL, GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH (1770-1831)

Hegel too, though he never sounded the depths of their systems . At length, in his twenty-first See also:

• YEAR

year, he finally decided to adopt the academical calling . In 1821 he was Privatdozent and in 1823 became professor extraordinarius of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology in Berlin, though he was at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time active in the See also:

• WORK

work of See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home and See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions . He lectured on the Old and New Testaments, theology, See also:

• APOLOGETICS

apologetics and the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church in the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . In 1821 appeared his first work, Sufismus, sive theosophia Persarum pantheistica; following the same See also:

• LINE

line of study he published Blutensammlung aus der morgenlandischen Mystik (1825) and Speculative Trinitatslehre See also:

• DES

des spateren Orients (1826) . His well-known See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on the nature and moral influence of heathenism (1822) was published by Neander, with high See also:

• COMMENDATION (from the Lat. commendare, to entrust to the charge of, or to procure a favour for)

commendation, in his Denkwurdigkeiten; and his Commentary on the See also:

• EPISTLE

Epistle to the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans (1824) secured him a foremost See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place amongst the most suggestive, if not the most accurate, Biblical interpreters of that time . Another work, which was soon translated into all the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• EUROPEAN

European languages, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die wahre Weihe des Zweiflers (1823; 9th ed., with the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Die Lehre von der Sande and dem Versohner, 1870), the out-come of his own religious history, procured for him the position which he ever after held of the See also:

• MODERN

modern Pietistic apologist of Evangelical See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity .

In 1825, with the aid of the Prussian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, he visited the See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, and on his return was appointed (in 1826) professor ordinarius of theology at See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, the centre of German See also:

• RATIONALISM (from Lat. rationalis, pertaining to reason, ratio)

rationalism, where he afterwards became preacher and member of the supreme consistorial See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council . Here he made it his aim to combine in a higher unity the learning and to some extent the rationalism of J . S . See also:

• SEMLER, JOHANN SALOMO (1725-179I)

Semler with the devout and active See also:

• PIETISM

pietism of A . H . See also:

• FRANCKE, AUGUST HERMANN (1663-1727)

Francke; and, in spite of the opposition of the theological See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of the university, he succeeded in changing the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of its theology . This he effected partly by his lectures, particularly his exegetical courses, but, above all, by his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal influence upon the students, and, after 1833, by his See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching . His theologicalposition was that of a mild and large-hearted orthodoxy, which laid more stress upon See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian experience than upon rigid dogmatic belief . On the two great questions of miracles and See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration he made great concessions to modern See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism and See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy . The See also:

• BATTLE

battle of his See also:

• LIFE

life was on behalf of personal religious experience, in opposition to the externality of rational-ism, orthodoxy or sacramentarianism . Karl See also:

• SCHWARZ (or SCHWARTZ), CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1726-1798)
• SCHWARZ, KARL (1812–1885)

Schwarz happily remarks that, as the See also:

• ENGLISH

English apologists of the 18th century were themselves infected with the See also:

• POISON

poison of the deists whom they endeavoured to refute, so See also:

• THOLUCK, FRIEDRICH

Tholuck absorbed some of the heresies of the rationalists whom he tried to overthrow . He was also one of the prominent members of the Evangelical See also:

• ALLIANCE

Alliance, and few men were more widely known or more beloved throughout the Protestant churches of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and See also:

• AMERICA

America than he .

He died at Halle on the loth of See also:

• JUNE

June 1877 . As a preacher, Tholuck ranked among the foremost of his time . As a teacher, he showed remarkable sympathy and won great success . As a thinker he can hardly be said to have been endowed with great creative power . After his commentaries (on Romans, the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, the See also:

• SERMON (Lat. sermo, a discourse)

Sermon on the See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount and the Epistle to the See also:

• HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE

Hebrews) and several volumes of sermons, his best-known books are Stunden christlicher Andacht (1839; 8th ed., 1870), intended to take the place of J . H . D . See also:

• ZSCHOKKE, JOHANN HEINRICH DANIEL (1771-1848)

Zschokke's See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard rationalistic work with the same title, and his reply to See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David See also:

• STRAUSS, DAVID FRIEDRICH (1808-1874)
• STRAUSS, JOHANN (1804-1849)
• STRAUSS, RICHARD (1864– )

Strauss's Life of Jesus (Glaubwurdigkeit der evangelischen Geschichte, 1837) . He published at various times valuable contributions towards a history of rationalism—Vorgeschichte des Rationalismus (1853-1862), Geschichte des Rationalismus (1865), i. and a number of essays connected with the history of theology and especially of apologetics . His views on inspiration were indicated in his work Die Propheten and ihre Weissagungen (1860), in his essay on the " Alte Inspirationslehre," in Deutsche Zeitschrift See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur christliche Wissenschaft (1850), and in his Gesprache caber die vornehmsten Glaubensfragen der Zeit (1846; 2nd ed., 1867) . He also contributed many articles to See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog's Realencyklopadie, and for several years edited a See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal (1830-1849), Literarischer Anzeiger . See Das Leben Tholucks, by L .

See also:

• WITTE, SERGE JULIEVICH, COUNT (1849— )

Witte (2 vols., 1884-1886) ; A . Tholuck, ein Lebensabriss, by M . Kahler (1877), and the same author's See also:

• ART

art . ' Tholuck," in Herzog's Realencyklopadie; "Zur Erinnerung an Tholuck," by C . Siegfried, Protestantische Kirchzeitung (1885), No . 45, and 1886, No . 47 ; Karl Schwarz, Zur Geschichte der neuesten Theologie (4th ed., 1869) ; F . W . F . Nippold's Handbuch der neuesten Kirchengeschichte; cf . See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• SCHAFF, PHILIP (1819-1893)

Schaff, See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany; its See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

Universities, Theology and See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion (1857), and the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in the Allgemeine deutsche Biographie .