See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

CHRISTIAN See also:

• CHRISTIAN THOMASIUS (1655-1728)

THOMASIUS (1655-1728)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German jurist and publicist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig on the 1st of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1655, and was educated by his See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• JAKOB, LUDWIG HEINRICH VON (1759—1827)

Jakob See also:

• THOMASIUS, CHRISTIAN (1655-1728)

Thomasius (1622-1684), at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the Thomasschule . Through his father's lectures See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian came under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy of See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo See also:

• GROTIUS, HUGO (1583-1645)

Grotius and See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• PUFENDORF, SAMUEL (1632-1694)

Pufendorf, and continued the study of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law at See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort-on-See also:

• ODER (Lat. Viadua; Slavonic, Vjodr)

Oder . In 1684 he commenced the career of See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of natural law at Leipzig, and soon attracted See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention by his abilities, but particularly by his daring attack upon traditional prejudices, in See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology and See also:

• JURISPRUDENCE (Lat. jurisprudenlia, knowledge of law, from jus, right, and prudentia, from providere, to foresee)
• JURISPRUDENCE, COMPARATIVE

jurisprudence . In 1687 he made the daring innovation of lecturing in German instead of Latin, and in the following See also:

• YEAR

year published a monthly periodical (Scherzhafte and ernsthafte, vernunftige and einfaltige Gedanken fiber allerhand lustige and niltzliche See also:

• BUCHER, LOTHAR (1817–1892)

Bucher and Fragen) in which he ridiculed the pedantic weaknesses of the learned, taking the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Pietists in their controversy with the orthodox, and defending mixed marriages of See also:

• LUTHERANS

Lutherans and Calvinists . In consequence of these and other views, he was denounced from the pulpits, forbidden to lecture or to write (May to, 169o), and his See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest was ordered . The latter he escaped by See also:

• FLIGHT

flight to See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, and the elector See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick III. offered him a See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, with a See also:

• SALARY

salary of 5oo talers and the permission to lecture . He took partin See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding the university of Halle (1694), where he became second and then first professor of law and See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector of the university . He was one of the most esteemed university teachers and influential writers of his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . He died, after a successful and See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable career, on the 23rd of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1728 . Though not a profound and systematic philosophical thinker, Thomasius prepared the way for See also:

• GREAT

great reforms in philosophy, and, above all, in law, literature, social See also:

• LIFE

life and theology . It was his See also:

• MISSION

mission to introduce a rational, See also:

• COMMON

common-sense point of view, and to bring the high matters of divine and human sciences into See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close and living contact with the everyday See also:

• WORLD

world . He thus created an See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch in German literature, philosophy and law, and Spittler opens with him the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of ecclesiastical See also:

• HISTORY

history .

He made it one of the aims of his life to See also:

• FREE

free politics and jurisprudence from the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of theology, and fought bravely and consistently for freedom of thought and speech on religious matters . He is often spoken of in German See also:

• WORKS

works as the author of the " territorial See also:

• SYSTEM

system," or Erastian theory of ecclesiastical See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . But he taught that the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state may interfere with legal or public duties only, and not with moral or private ones . He would not have even atheists punished, though they should be expelled the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and he came forward as an See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest opponent of the See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution of witches and of the use of See also:

• TORTURE (from Lat. torquere, to twist)

torture . In theology he was not a naturalist or a deist, but a believer in the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of revealed See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion for salvation . He came strongly under the influence of the pietists, particularly of Spener, and there was a mystic vein in his thought; but other elements of his nature were too powerful to allow him to attach himself wholly to that party . Thomasius's most popular and influential German publications were his periodical already referred to (1688-1689) ; Einleitung zur Vernunftlehre (1691, 5th ed . 1719); Vernunftige Gedanken fiber allerhand auserlesene and jusistische See also:

• HANDEL, GEORGE FREDERICK (1685–1759)

Handel (1720—1721) ; Historie der Weisheit and Torheit (3 vols., 1693) ; Kurze Lehrsdtze von dem Laster der Zauberei mit dem Hexenprozess (1704) ; Weitere Erlduterungen der neueren Wissenschaft anderer Gedanken kennen zu lernen (1711) . See Luden, Christian Thomasius nach semen Schicksalen and Schriften (1805); H . Dernburg, Thomasius and See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Stiftung der Universitdt Halle (1865) ; B . A . See also:

• WAGNER, ADOLF (1835- )
• WAGNER, RUDOLPH (1805-1864)
• WAGNER, WILHELM RICHARD (1813-1883)

Wagner, Thomasius, ein Beitrag zur Wurdigung seiner Verdienste (1872) ; Nicoladoni, Christian Thomasius .

Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Aufklarung (Berlin, 1888) ; and E .