See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES See also:

• JAMES THOMSON (1822-1892)
• THOMSON, JAMES (1834-1882)
• THOMSON, JAMES (r700-1748)
• THOMSON, JOHN (1778-184o)
• THOMSON, JOSEPH (1858-1895)
• THOMSON, SIR CHARLES WYVILLE (1830-1882)
• THOMSON, THOMAS (1773-1852)
• THOMSON, WILLIAM (1819-189o)

THOMSON (1822-1892)  , See also:

• BRITISH

British physicist See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid engineer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• BELFAST

Belfast on the 16th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1822, and, like his younger See also:

• BROTHER

brother, See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• KELVIN, WILLIAM THOMSON, BARON (1824-1907)

Kelvin, at an unusually See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age began to attend the classes at See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow University, where his See also:

• FATHER

father had been appointed See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics in 1832 . After his See also:

• GRADUATION (see also GRADUATE)

graduation he decided to study See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering, and for that purpose became a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil in several engineering offices and See also:

• WORKS

works successively; but See also:

• ILL

ill-See also:

• HEALTH

health obliged him to leave them all, and he had finally to accept the fact that an occupation involving See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical exertion was out of the question . Accordingly, from about 1843, he devoted himself to theoretical See also:

• WORK

work and to See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical invention . To this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period belong his well-known researches in See also:

• THERMODYNAMICS (from Gr. Bepµos, hot, Siva trs, force)

thermodynamics, which enabled him to predict by the application of See also:

• CARNOT, LAZARE EIPPOLYTE (18ot-1888)
• CARNOT, MARIE FRANCOIS SADI (1837-1894)
• CARNOT, SADI NICOLAS LEONHARD (1796-1832)

Carnot's theorem that the temperature of the freezing point of substances which expand on solidifying must be lowered by the application of pressure, the See also:

• REVERSE

reverse being the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case with substances which See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract on solidification; ' Bysshe Vanolis: " Bysshe," as the commonly used See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian name of See also:

• SHELLEY, MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1797-1851)
• SHELLEY, PERCY BYSSHE (1792-1822)

Shelley, See also:

• THOMSON, JAMES (1822-1892)
• THOMSON, JAMES (1834-1882)
• THOMSON, JAMES (r700-1748)
• THOMSON, JOHN (1778-184o)
• THOMSON, JOSEPH (1858-1895)
• THOMSON, SIR CHARLES WYVILLE (1830-1882)
• THOMSON, THOMAS (1773-1852)
• THOMSON, WILLIAM (1819-189o)

Thomson's favourite writer; and " Vanolis," an See also:

• ANAGRAM (Gr. ava, back, and ypa(beiv, to write)

anagram of See also:

• NOVALIS

Novalis—(F. von See also:

• HARDENBERG, KARL AUGUST VON, PRINCE (1750-1822)

Hardenberg).and he was able to calculate the amount by which a given pressure lowers the freezing-point of See also:

• WATER

water, a substance which expands on solidification . His results were experimentally verified in the physical laboratories of Glasgow University under Lord Kelvin's direction, and were afterwards applied to give the explanation of regelation . In 1861 he extended them in a See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper on See also:

• CRYSTALLIZATION

crystallization and liquefaction as influenced by stresses tending to See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form in the crystals, and in other studies on the change of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state he continued See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT (c. 1737–1797)
• ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813–1885)

Andrews's work on the continuity of the liquid and gaseous states of See also:

• MATTER

matter, constructing a thermodynamic See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model in three dimensions to show the relations of pressure, See also:

• VOLUME

volume and temperature for a substance like carbonic acid . With regard to his inventions, he devised a See also:

• CLEVER

clever feathering mechanism for the paddles of steamboats when only a boy of sixteen, and later turned his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to water engines . In 185o he patented his " vortex water-See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel," and during the next three or four years carried on inquiries into the properties of " whirling fluids," which resulted in improved forms of blowing-fans and water-turbines (see See also:

• HYDRAULICS (Gr. iS&,p, water, and ai,Xos, a pipe)

HYDRAULICS) . Settling in Belfast in 1851, he was selected to be the See also:

• RESIDENT

resident engineer to the Belfast Water Commissioners in 1853, and four years later became professor of civil engineering and See also:

• SURVEYING

surveying in See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen's See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, Belfast . Thence he removed in 1873 to Glasgow as successor to Macquorn See also:

• RANKINE, WILLIAM JOHN MACQUORN (182o-1872)

Rankine in the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of engineering in the university, and retained this position until 1889, when the failure of his eyesight compelled him to resign . He died on the 8th of May 1892 at Glasgow . His contributions to See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science included studies of the parallel roads of Glen See also:

• ROY, WILLIAM (1726-1790)

Roy and of the prismatic jointing of See also:

• BASALT

basalt, as seen at the See also:

• GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

Giant's See also:

• CAUSEWAY

Causeway .

In 1876 and following years he studied the origin of windings of See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers in alluvial plains and made many experiments with the aid of artificialstreams; and the currents of atmospheric circulation afforded him the material for the Bakerian lecture of 1892 .