See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
JAMES See also:THOMSON (1822-1892)
, See also:British physicist See also:acid engineer, was See also:born in See also:Belfast on the 16th of See also:February 1822, and, like his younger See also:brother, See also:Lord See also:Kelvin, at an unusually See also:early See also:age began to attend the classes at See also:Glasgow University, where his See also:father had been appointed See also:professor of See also:mathematics in 1832
.
After his See also:graduation he decided to study See also:civil See also:engineering, and for that purpose became a See also:- PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)
pupil in several engineering offices and See also:works successively; but See also:ill-See also:health obliged him to leave them all, and he had finally to accept the fact that an occupation involving See also:physical exertion was out of the question
.
Accordingly, from about 1843, he devoted himself to theoretical See also:work and to See also:mechanical invention
.
To this See also:period belong his well-known researches in See also:thermodynamics, which enabled him to predict by the application of See also:Carnot's theorem that the temperature of the freezing point of substances which expand on solidifying must be lowered by the application of pressure, the See also:reverse being the See also:case with substances which See also:contract on solidification;
' Bysshe Vanolis: " Bysshe," as the commonly used See also:Christian name of See also:Shelley, See also:Thomson's favourite writer; and " Vanolis," an See also:anagram of See also:Novalis—(F. von See also:Hardenberg).and he was able to calculate the amount by which a given pressure lowers the freezing-point of See also:water, a substance which expands on solidification
.
His results were experimentally verified in the physical laboratories of Glasgow University under Lord Kelvin's direction, and were afterwards applied to give the explanation of regelation
.
In 1861 he extended them in a See also:paper on See also:crystallization and liquefaction as influenced by stresses tending to See also:change of See also:form in the crystals, and in other studies on the change of See also:state he continued See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Andrews's work on the continuity of the liquid and gaseous states of See also:matter, constructing a thermodynamic See also:model in three dimensions to show the relations of pressure, See also:volume and temperature for a substance like carbonic acid
.
With regard to his inventions, he devised a See also:clever feathering mechanism for the paddles of steamboats when only a boy of sixteen, and later turned his See also:attention to water engines
.
In 185o he patented his " vortex water-See also:wheel," and during the next three or four years carried on inquiries into the properties of " whirling fluids," which resulted in improved forms of blowing-fans and water-turbines (see See also:HYDRAULICS)
.
Settling in Belfast in 1851, he was selected to be the See also:resident engineer to the Belfast Water Commissioners in 1853, and four years later became professor of civil engineering and See also:surveying in See also:Queen's See also:College, Belfast
.
Thence he removed in 1873 to Glasgow as successor to Macquorn See also:Rankine in the See also:chair of engineering in the university, and retained this position until 1889, when the failure of his eyesight compelled him to resign
.
He died on the 8th of May 1892 at Glasgow
.
His contributions to See also:geological See also:science included studies of the parallel roads of Glen See also:Roy and of the prismatic jointing of See also:basalt, as seen at the See also:Giant's See also:Causeway
.
In 1876 and following years he studied the origin of windings of See also:rivers in alluvial plains and made many experiments with the aid of artificialstreams; and the currents of atmospheric circulation afforded him the material for the Bakerian lecture of 1892
.
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