See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

CHARLES WYVILLE See also:

• THOMSON, JAMES (1822-1892)
• THOMSON, JAMES (1834-1882)
• THOMSON, JAMES (r700-1748)
• THOMSON, JOHN (1778-184o)
• THOMSON, JOSEPH (1858-1895)
• SIR CHARLES WYVILLE THOMSON (1830-1882)
• THOMSON, THOMAS (1773-1852)
• THOMSON, WILLIAM (1819-189o)

THOMSON (1830-1882)  , Scottish naturalist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Bonsyde, See also:

• LINLITHGOWSHIRE, or WEST LOTHIAN

Linlithgowshire, on the 5th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 183o, and was educated at See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh University . In 185o he was appointed lecturer in, and in 1851 See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of, See also:

• BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany at See also:

• ABERDEEN
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, 1ST EARL O (1637-1720)
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, 4TH EARL

Aberdeen, and in 1853 he became professor of natural See also:

• HISTORY

history in See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen's See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• CORK
• CORK (perhaps through Sp. corcha from Lat. cortex, bark, but possibly connected with quercus, oak)
• CORK, RICHARD BOYLE

Cork . A See also:

• YEAR

year later he was nominated to the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of See also:

• MINERALOGY

mineralogy and See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology at Queen's College, See also:

• BELFAST

Belfast, and in 186o was transferred to the chair of natural history in the same institution . In 1868 he assumed the duties of professor of botany at the Royal College of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

Science, See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin, and finally in 187o he received the natural history chair at Edinburgh . He will be specially remembered as a student of the biological conditions of the depths of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . Being interested in crinoids, and stimulated by the results of the dredgings of See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael Saes (ISo5–1869) in the deep sea off the See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian coasts, he succeeded, along with Dr W . B . See also:

• CARPENTER, LANT (1780-1840)
• CARPENTER, MIRY (1807-1877)
• CARPENTER, WILLIAM BENJAMIN (1813-1885)

Carpenter, in obtaining the See also:

• LOAN (adapted from the Scandinavian form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Swed. Mn, Icel. lan, Dut. leen; the O.E. laen appears in " lend," the ultimate source is seen in the root of Gr. Xeiaecv and Lat. linquere, to leave)

loan of H.M.S . " See also:

• LIGHTNING

Lightning " and " See also:

• PORCUPINE (Fr., pore-epic, " spiny pig ")

Porcupine," for successive deep-sea dredging expeditions in the summers of 1868 and 1869 . It was thus shown that See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal See also:

• LIFE

life exists in abundance down to depths of 65o fathoms, that all invertebrate See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups are represented (largely by See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary forms previously believed to be See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct), and, moreover, that deep-sea temperatures are by no means so See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant as was supposed, but vary considerably, and indicate an oceanic circulation . The results of these expeditions were described in The Depths of the Sea, which he published in 1873 . The remarkable results gained for See also:

• HYDROGRAPHY (.Gr. 6&,p, water, and cypfidiecv, to write)

hydrography as well as See also:

• ZOOLOGY (from Gr. Nov, a living thing, and ?byos, theory)

zoology, in association with the See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical needs of ocean telegraphy, soon led to the granting of H.M.S .

" Challenger" for a circumnavigating expedition, and See also:

• THOMSON, JAMES (1822-1892)
• THOMSON, JAMES (1834-1882)
• THOMSON, JAMES (r700-1748)
• THOMSON, JOHN (1778-184o)
• THOMSON, JOSEPH (1858-1895)
• THOMSON, SIR CHARLES WYVILLE (1830-1882)
• THOMSON, THOMAS (1773-1852)
• THOMSON, WILLIAM (1819-189o)

Thomson sailed at the end of 1872 as director of the scientific See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff, the cruise lasting three years and a See also:

• HALF

half (see CHALLENGER EXPEDITION) . On his return he received many See also:

• ACADEMIC

academic honours, and was knighted . In 1877 he published two volumes (The Voyage of the Challenger in the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic), of a preliminary See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the results of the voyage, meanwhile carrying on his administrative labours in connexion with the disposition of the See also:

• SPECIAL

special collections and the publication of the monographs dealing with them . His See also:

• HEALTH

health. never robust, was meanwhile giving way; from 1879 he ceased to perform the duties of his chair; and he died at Bonsyde on the loth of March 1882 . See obituary See also:

• NOTICE

notice in Proc . See also:

• SOC

Soc . Edin . (1883); also Thomson and See also:

• MURRAY
• MURRAY (or MORAY), EARLS OF
• MURRAY (or MORAY), JAMES STUART, EARL OF (c. 1531-1570)
• MURRAY (or MORAY), SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673)
• MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART (1841-1904)
• MURRAY, DAVID (1849– )
• MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE (1824–1881)
• MURRAY, JAMES (c. 1719-1794)
• MURRAY, JOHN
• MURRAY, JOHN (1778–1820)
• MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745–1826)
• MURRAY, LORD GEORGE (1694–1760)
• MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY (1837– )
• MURRAY, SIR JOHN (1841– )

Murray, Reports of the Voyage of H.M.S . "Challenger" (Edinburgh . 1885) .