See also:

• JAN

JAN See also:

• RUDOLF (otherwise known as Basso NOROK and Gannon)

RUDOLF See also:

• JAN RUDOLF THORBECKE (1798-1872)

THORBECKE (1798-1872)  , Dutch statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• ZWOLLE

Zwolle, in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Overijssel, on the 14th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1798 . See also:

• THORBECKE, JAN RUDOLF (1798-1872)

Thorbecke was of See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German extraction, his See also:

• GRAND

grand-See also:

• FATHER

father, Heinrich Thorbecke, having settled in Overijssel towards the end of the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Little is known of his youth, beyond the fact that he was sent in the See also:

• YEAR

year of See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo to See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam for his See also:

• EDUCATION

education . For two years he stayed with a Lutheran clergyman of the name of Sartorius, whilst attending the lectures of the See also:

• ATHENAEUM

Athenaeum Illustre . In 1817 he commenced his studies at See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden University, proving a brilliant See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar, and twice obtaining a See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal for his See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize essays . In 1820 he obtained the degrees of Lit.D. and LL.D . In the following years Thorbecke undertook a See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey of See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research and study in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, staying at most of her famous See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities, and making the acquaintance of his best-known contemporaries in the fatherland . At See also:

• GIESSEN

Giessen he lectured as an extraordinary See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor, and at See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, in 1824, published his See also:

• TREATISE

treatise, Ueber das Wesen der Geschichte . After his return to Amsterdam in 1824 Thorbecke wrote his first See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• WORK

work of any importance, Bedenkingen aangaande het Recht en den Staat (" Objections anent See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law and the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State "), which by its See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close reasoning and its legal acumen at once See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• BARRISTER

barrister, and procured him in 1825 a See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair as professor in See also:

• GHENT (Flem. Gent, Fr. Gand)

Ghent University . Here he wrote two See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets of an educational See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character before 183o . The Belgian revolt of that year forced Thorbecke to resign his position at Ghent, and he subsequently went to Leiden . He did not approve of the Belgian See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement, nor of the See also:

• PART

part that See also:

• EUROPE

Europe played in it, and published his views in three pamphlets, which appeared in the years 1830 and 1831 .

In 1831 he was appointed professor of See also:

• JURISPRUDENCE (Lat. jurisprudenlia, knowledge of law, from jus, right, and prudentia, from providere, to foresee)
• JURISPRUDENCE, COMPARATIVE

jurisprudence and political See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science at Leiden University . In that capacity, and, before his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment at Leiden, as a lecturer on political science, See also:

• HISTORY

history and See also:

• ECONOMICS

economics at Amsterdam, he gained See also:

• GREAT

great reputation as a political reformer, particularly after the publication of his See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard work, Aanteekeningen op de Grondwet (" Annotations on the Constitution," 1839; and ed., Amsterdam, 1841-1843), which became the textbook and the groundwork for the new reform party in See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, as whose See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader Thorbecke was definitely recognized . Thorbecke's political career until his See also:

• DEATH

death, which occurred at the See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague on the 4th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1872, is sketched under HOLLAND: History . Thorbecke's speeches in the Dutch legislature were published at See also:

• DEVENTER

Deventer in six volumes (1867-187o), to which should be added a collection of his unpublished speeches, printed at See also:

• GRONINGEN

Groningen in 1900 . The first edition of his Historische Schetsen (" See also:

• HISTORICAL

Historical Essays ") was issued in 1860, the second in 1872 . At Amsterdam there appeared in 1873 a highly interesting See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

Correspondence with his See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy friend and lifelong political adversary Groen See also:

• VAN

van Prinsterer (q.v.), which, although dating back to the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early 'thirties, throws much See also:

• LIGHT

light on their subsequent relations and the political events that followed 1848 . Of Dutch statesmen during the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, Thorbecke admired See also:

• FALCK, ANTON REINHARD (1777–1843)

Falck and Van Hogendorp most, whose principles he strove to emulate . Of Van Hogendorp's Essays and Speeches, indeed, he published a standard edition, which is still highly valued . Thorbecke's speeches See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a remarkable continuation of Van Hogendorp's orations, not only in their See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, but also in their See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train of thought . Thorbecke's funeral furnished the occasion for an imposing See also:

• NATIONAL

national demonstration, which showed how deeply he was revered by all classes of his countrymen . In 1876 a statue of Thorbecke was unveiled in one of the squares of Amsterdam . Thorbecke's gifts and public services as a statesman have been as fully recognized as his political genus has been .

As an orator and writer his style was clear and forcible . His very dogmatism brought him many enemies, but at times, especially when he went in advance of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, he was a much misunderstood See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . These misunderstandings, frequently wilful, extended often beyond the domain of pure politics . Thus, by his enemies, Thorbecke was often held up to scorn as a pure materialist and no friend of the See also:

• FINE

fine arts, because at a sitting of the states-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general in 1862 he had said that it is not the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of the state, nor in the true See also:

• INTEREST

interest of See also:

• ART

art itself, for the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to " protect " art, since all state-aided art must be artificial, like any forced plant . This was popularly condensed into the See also:

• APHORISM
• APHORISM (from the Gr. a4oA'ecv, to define)

aphorism, yet current in Holland, that " Art is not the business of the government," and Thorbecke was condemned as the author of it . Again, his adversaries used to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call him a dangerous See also:

• DEMAGOGUE (Gr. Srlµaywybs, from iyety, to lead, and Siµos, the people)

demagogue . As a See also:

• MATTER

matter of fact, there was no more ardent royalist than Thorbecke . He believed in constitutional See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy, as offering the best guarantees both for See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign and See also:

• PEOPLE

people, and he was bitterly opposed to all forms of state See also:

• SOCIALISM

socialism . See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long before his death he realized that he had outlived his own principles, and many of his former admirers had commenced to dub him a " See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank conservative," whose political aims and reforms were no longer adequate . But Thorbecke's See also:

• LIFE

life-work will endure, and the Dutch constitution of 1887 practically embodied his principles, as laid down in the constitution of 1848 . The former is the outcome of the latter and could not have been made without it . The best See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of Thorbecke we owe to the See also:

• LATE

late Professor See also:

• BUYS

Buys, his See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal scholar and devoted friend, whose See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography appeared rn 1876 at See also:

• TIEL

Tiel .

Another biography which deserves mention was issued in the same year at the Hague, from the See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen of Dr J . A . See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

Levy, an Amsterdam lawyer . (H .