See also:

• THORN (O. Eng. porn, cf. Du. doorn, Ger. Dorn, &c)
• THORN (Polish Torun)

THORN (O. Eng. porn, cf. Du. doorn, Ger. Dorn, &c)  , in See also:

• BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany, a hard pointed structure; also termed a " spine," generally representing a small See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch, as in See also:

• HAWTHORN
• HAWTHORN (O. Eng. Naga-, hog-, or hege-thorn, i.e. " hedge-thorn ")

hawthorn, where a normal branch arising in the axil of a See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf is replaced by a sharply pointed See also:

• THORN (O. Eng. porn, cf. Du. doorn, Ger. Dorn, &c)
• THORN (Polish Torun)

thorn; See also:

• ACCESSORY

accessory buds on each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the thorn and See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in the same leaf-axil will grow in the next See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season into See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary branches . The similarly developed thorns of the See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey-See also:

• LOCUST

locust (Gleditschia) are branched . In other cases, as the sloe or the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• PEAR (Pyrus communis)

pear, branches become spiny at the See also:

• APEX

apex tapering into a stiff leafless point . On a cultivated See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree these branches disappear owing to their more vigorous growth . Leaves may be modified into spines, as in See also:

• BARBERRY (Berberis vulgaris)

barberry, the leaves of which show every gradation between a leaf with a spiny-toothed edge and those which have been reduced to See also:

• SIMPLE

simple or multiple spines . In some See also:

• SPECIES

species of Astrdgalus the petiole of the pinnately See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound leaf persists after the fall of the leaflets as a See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp spine . In the false See also:

• ACACIA

acacia (See also:

• ROBINIA

Robinia) the stipules are represented by spines . The reduction of the leaf-See also:

• SURFACE

surface, of which the spinous See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit is often an expression, is associated with growth in dry or exposed windy places . Thus, in the gorse, a characteristic plant of exposed localities such as open See also:

• COMMONS

commons, the smaller branches, instead of being leaf-bearing shoots, are reduced to slender See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green spines, while the leaves on the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main shoots are also more or less spinous in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . As the giving off of See also:

• WATER

water from its surface is one of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief functions of a leaf, this See also:

• PROCESS

process is thus reduced to a minimum in situations where water is scarce or would be liable to be given off too rapidly . An extreme See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case is afforded by the cacti and See also:

• CACTUS

cactus-like euphorbias, which are a characteristic type of See also:

• DESERT

desert vegetation where water is extremely scarce . The whole plant is reduced to a simple or branching succulent, leafless, columnar or flattened See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem, the branches of which are represented by small clusters of thorns .

Incidentally the thorns protect the plant which bears them from the attacks of animals seeking See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food . Prickles are structures of less importance from the morphological point of view, being See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere superficial outgrowths which may occur anywhere on stem or leaf, or even See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit . THORNABY-ON-See also:

• TEES

TEES, a municipal See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• RIDING

Riding of See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire, See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, 3 m . S.W. of See also:

• MIDDLESBROUGH

Middlesbrough, on the North-Eastern railway . Pop . (1901), 16,054 . It lies opposite See also:

• STOCKTON
• STOCKTON, FRANCIS RICHARD (1834–1902)

Stockton-on-Tees, with which it is connected by a See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge, on the See also:

• RIVER

river Tees . There are blast furnaces, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron foundries, See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering See also:

• WORKS

works, iron See also:

• SHIP

ship-See also:

• BUILDING

building yards, extensive saw-See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills, See also:

• FLOUR

flour-mills and a manufactory of " See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white " pottery . The See also:

• TOWN

town was formerly known as See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Stockton, and is still included in the See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary borough of Stockton (it is within the See also:

• CLEVELAND
• CLEVELAND (or CLEIVELAND), JOHN (1613—1658)
• CLEVELAND, BARBARA VILLIERS, DUCHESS OF (1641-1709)
• CLEVELAND, STEPHEN GROVER (1837-1908)

Cleveland See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county), but was incorporated as a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate municipal borough in 1892 . It is under a See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 councillors . See also:

• AREA

Area, 1927 acres .