THULE  , the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman name for the most northerly known See also:

• LAND

land in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic . The first to use the name was the Greek navigator See also:

• PYTHEAS

Pytheas (about 300 B.C. probably) . He calls it the most northerly of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Isles and says that he reached it after six days' See also:

• SAIL

sail from See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain: it was inhabited, but produced little; See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew there sparingly and ripened See also:

• ILL

ill; in summer the nights were See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright . This See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his travels is lost See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save for fragments, and the few surviving fragment{ service at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, by means which would probably not See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear investigation, were invested in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . See also:

• THUGUT, JOHANN AMADEUS FRANCIS DE PAULA, BARON (1736–1818)

Thugut became acquainted with many of the leaders in the Revolution . From 1787 to 1789 he was See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister at See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, and showed See also:

• GREAT

great tact in managing the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen, Maria Carolina, a daughter of Maria See also:

• THERESA, ST (1515-1582)

Theresa . In 1790 he was sent by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph II. to See also:

• BUCHAREST (Bucuresci)

Bucharest, nominally as See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner with the See also:

• HOSPODAR

hospodar of Wallachia, but in reality in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order that he might open negotiations for See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace with the See also:

• TURKS

Turks . Until 1792 he was much in France and See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium, partly as a See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent, but largely because he was anxious to See also:

• RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)

rescue his investments, which were ultimately lost . His See also:

• PERSONAL

personal grievances may have had some See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in creating the hatred of the Revolution and the See also:

• JACOBINS, THE

Jacobins, for which he was afterwards famous . In 1792 he was associated with See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

Mercy Argenteau, formerly See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador in France, as diplomatic agent at the headquarters of the allied See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . The mismanagement of the invasion of France excited his anger . He came back to See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna to See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report the facts to See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis II., to whom he presented a statement on the 27th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December .

On the 19th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1793 he was appointed armee-diplomat at See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head-quarters, largely, it is said, by the intrigues of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip Cobenzl and Spielmann, who wished to have him out of the way . But he never went, for at this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia and See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia annexed large parts of See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland . See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, entangled in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with France, was See also:

• LEFT

left empty-handed (see POLAND: See also:

• HISTORY

History) . The emperor, dissatisfied with the ministers who had not prevented this misfortune, dismissed them, and after some delay Thugut was named " director of the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign affairs of Austria " on the 25th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1793 . When See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince Kaunitz died in the following See also:

• YEAR

year Thugut was appointed to " See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge the duties of the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, and See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor." His promotion to the foremost See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the Austrian See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration met with much opposition, and is known to have been largely due to the empress Maria Theresa of Naples . The Austrian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government was by tradition very aristocratic . The empress Maria Theresa, See also:

• MOTHER

mother of Francis II., though she valued the services of Thugut, had consented with reluctance to make him See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of the order of St See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen, and had only yielded to the urgent See also:

• REQUESTS, COURT OF

requests of Kaunitz and of her son Joseph II . She thought the promotion excessive for a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of his plebeian origin . The nobles, who thought that the great offices of state should go to themselves, were of the same See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion . Thugut, who had a large fund of vanity, resented their insolence, and did nothing to disarm their hostility . He was unmarried, and he avoided all society . In the discharge of his duties he took counsel with nobody .

All the confidential See also:

• WORK

work of his See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department was done by himself with the help of two clerks he could See also:

• TRUST

trust, and he took all important papers directly to the emperor, keeping no copies in his own office . He had his own experience to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach him how easy it was to bribe the officials of Austria . The nobles, who regarded themselves with See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good cause as the supporters of the See also:

• CROWN

Crown, and who expected to be consulted, resented his indifference and secrecy as the arrogance of an upstart . They were his See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant enemies and critics . A few of them who admired his abilities supported him on personal grounds, but with these exceptions Thugut had no See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends in Austria . Out of it, he was commonly regarded as the representative of all that was most unscrupulous and self-seeking in the methods of the Austrian government . He had inherited from his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master Prince Kaunitz the See also:

• FIRM

firm conviction that Prussia was the worst enemy of Austria . From him, too, he had learnt that the first See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of an Austrian minister was to be an increaser of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, even at the expense of See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies, and that excuses for See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation were to be made when they could not be found . His hatred of France, and of the Revolution, was no doubt sincere . But while prepared to defend See also:

• EUROPE

Europe from See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French aggression, it was with the implied intention that Austria should be rewarded for her exertions by increases of territory, and should be made the See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . The history of his policy from 1793 to 1800 is the history of Europe .