See also:

• THYSANOPTERA (01m-awn, a fringe, and ae-eoov, a wing)

THYSANOPTERA (01m-awn, a fringe, and ae-eoov, a wing)  , a See also:

• TERM

term used in zoological See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification for a small See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the class See also:

• HEXAPODA (Gr. 4, six, and gobs, foot)

Hexapoda (q.v.) . The See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute See also:

• INSECTS

insects included in it, which haunt blossoms and leaves, are fairly well known to gardenersby the name Thrips, a generic term used by See also:

• LINNAEUS

Linnaeus for the four See also:

• SPECIES

species of the See also:

• GROUP

group which he had examined and relegated to the order See also:

• HEMIPTERA (Gr. 77µi-, half and IrTep6P, a wing)

Hemiptera . The term See also:

• THYSANOPTERA (01m-awn, a fringe, and ae-eoov, a wing)

Thysanoptera was first used by the Irish entomologist A, H . Haliday (1836), who made a careful study of the See also:

• BRITISH

British species and recognized that their structural peculiarities required ordinal separation . H . Burmeister in 1838 also considered that these insects should See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a distinct order, for which he proposed the name Physopoda, with ref erence to the See also:

• BLADDER (from A.S. blaeddre, connected with bl¢wan, to blow, cf. Ger. blase)

bladder-like outgrowths (fig . 3) on the feet . Since then various authors have incorporated the Thysanoptera with one of the large orders, some, following Linnaeus, regarding them as Hemiptera, others grouping with them the See also:

• ORTHOPTERA (Gr. Op®os, straight, and rTepov, a wing)

Orthoptera or " Pseudoneurop- (The illustrations in this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article are all after tera." But all See also:

• RECENT

recent students H . Uzel, Monographie der Ordnung Thysanoptera, and are used with his agree with Haliday and See also:

• BUR, or BURR (apparently the same word as Danish borre, burdock, cf. Swed. kard-boore)

Bur- permission.) meister in allowing the Thysan- Flo . 1.—Limothrips denticornis, optera to See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank as a distinct See also:

• FEMALE

female, See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . order, showing See also:

• AFFINITIES

affinities on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand with the Corrodentia (See also:

• BOOK

book-lice and biting lice) and on the other with the Hemiptera (cicads, bugs, &c.) . Characters.—The Thysanoptera, small insects with firmly chitinized cuticle, are recognized by the See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of imperfectly suctorial jaws—the mandibles acting as piercers and maxillae retaining their palps (see fig .

2)—with the presence of two pairs of excessively narrow wings (fig . I), which are partly or completely surrounded by elongate delicate bristles forming a fringe . Other important structural features are mentioned below . In their See also:

• LIFE

life-See also:

• HISTORY

history the Thysanoptera belong to the Exopterygote See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the Hexapoda (q.v.) . The newly hatched See also:

• INSECT

insect closely resembles the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent, and the wing-rudiments appear externally on the second and third thoracic segments; but before the final See also:

• MOULT

moult the nymph remains quiescent, taking no See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food . Its See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition thus recalls the pupal instar of the higher (Endopterygote) Hexapoda; and the Thysanoptera, though few in number, are seen to be of See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• INTEREST

interest to the student, exhibiting at once a transition between the biting and the (After H . Uzel.) suctorial mouth, and the pas- FIG . 2.-See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

Head of Aeolothrips sfrom "incomplete " to fasciata, See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face view, showing eyes. See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

sage See also:

• COMPLETE

complete „ See also:

• METAMORPHOSIS

metamorphosis. ab,asesClypeuof feeslers and jaws . . Structure.—The head is usually b, Membrane between clypeus and quadrangular in form with small c, See also:

• LABRUM (Lat. for " lip ")

Labrum. labrum . but prominent See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound eyes d, Mandible . (fig . 2) ,whose facets are relatively Mandible .

large and See also:

• CONVEX

convex; three oceili e, Uneft maxilla) . xiercer(?inner See also:

• LOBE

lobe of may also be See also:

• PRESENT

present on the See also:

• LEFT

left mvertex . The feelers are inserted Maxilla . See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close together (fig . 2) on the g' Its See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale . la- extreme front of the head; they h, Second maxillae, forming 1a- exceed the head in length, but bium . a p they are composed of only from i, Labial pulp . six to nine segments, which are beset with prominent spines, some of the latter appearing to be See also:

• ORGANS

organs of See also:

• SPECIAL

special sense . The mouth, with its jaws, forms a conical outgrowth which projects backwards, so that its See also:

• APEX

apex lies beneath the prothorax . The labrum (fig . 2 c), which encloses the See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone in front, is irregularly triangular in shape . Behind the mouth the two maxillae of the second pair are intimately A 6 associated to form the labium (fig .

2 k), whose appendicular nature is shown only by a median furrow and by See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, cylindrical palps (fig . 2 i) with two or four segments . The maxillae of the first pair (fig . 2 f) enclose the mouth at either See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . They are broad at the See also:

• BASE

base, but See also:

• TAPER (probably of Celtic origin, cf. Irish tapar, Welsh tampr, taper, torch)

taper towards the tip and carry palps (fig . 2 g) with two or three segments . Within the mouth See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie a pair of slender piercers (fig . 2 d), while a single piercer (fig . 2 e) is situated asymmetrically on the left side . The nature of these structures has been much disputed . H . Uzel, with the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of students, regards the paired organs as mandibles and the unpaired as an epipharynx .

H . Gar-See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man and W . E . Hinds believe that the paired piercers are the inner lobes of the maxillae, and the unpaired piercer the left mandible, the right mandible being absent . C . Borner has stated that the unpaired piercer is attached directly to the base of the left maxilla . He therefore regards it as the inner lobe (lacinia) of that maxilla. comparing it with the remarkable " pick " of the maxilla of a book-See also:

• LOUSE (O. Eng. leis, cf. Du. luis, Ger. Laus, Dan. and Swed. lus)

louse (see Copeognatha in article See also:

• NEUROPTERA (Gr. vevpov, a nerve, and ,rmpbv, a wing)

NEUROPTERA), The paired piercers, connected by muscles with the base of the maxillae, but attached directly to the head See also:

• SKELETON

skeleton, into which they can be withdrawn, are regarded by Borner as true mandibles . Turning to the See also:

• THORAX (Gr. BWpaE, breastplate, also the part of the body covered by it)

thorax we find that the first segment (prothorax) is distinct and See also:

• FREE

free, with a wide dorsal sclerite . The mesothorax and metathorax are rather intimately fused together . Most remarkable in this order is the structure of the feet; there are never more than two tarsal segments, and the claws, usually so conspicuous in insect feet, are reduced (fig- 3 a) or absent . But the legs carry See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar spines, and the terminal tarsal segment is See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup-shaped at the end ; from this hollow a delicate bladder (fig . 3 b) can be See also:

• PRO

pro-" traded, apparently by the force of the See also:

• BLOOD

blood-pressure, and by means of this bladder—acting as a sucker—the insect obtains See also:

• FIRM

firm hold on any See also:

• SURFACE

surface which (After H .

Uzel.) the See also:

• FOOT

foot touches . The narrow, delicate, protruded; B, retracted, may be altogether degenerated . A See also:

• FAIR

fair a, Claws. number of species are wingless (fig . 5), either in one or both sexes, and the occurrence of winged See also:

• FEMALES

females with wingless See also:

• MALES

males is noteworthy . Ten segments are recognizable in the See also:

• ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

abdomen, which is elongated and tapers at the hinder end . In two of the three families of Thysanoptera the female has a conspicuous ovipositor (fig . 4) with serrate processes, projecting from the ventral surface of the abdomen between the eighth and ninth segments . The number of spiracles is greatly reduced ; in the adult a pair is present on the mesothorax, sometimes also a pair on the metathorax, and there is always a pair on the first and another pair on the eighth abdominal segment . " These spiracles, according to Hinds, are remarkable See also:

• HONEYCOMB

honeycomb-like structures, and perforations to the tracheal tubes have not been demonstrated . The See also:

• INTERNAL

internal structure of the Thysanoptera has been studied by --K See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan They possess a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long tubular (After H . Uzel.) .., FIG . 4 .

—Ovipositor gullet and a highly concentrated See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous (side view) of Physo- See also:

• SYSTEM

system; in addition to the suboesophageal pus. ganglion, there are two thoracic ganglia 8, 9, to, Abdominal and a single abdominal See also:

• NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve-See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass which segments. is situated far forward . In this condensa- a, Anterior; b, pos_ See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

Lion of the nervous system and in the See also:

• TENOR (through Fr. and It. from Lat. tenor, holding on, course, sense of a law, tone)

tenor See also:

• PROCESS

process Of presence of four Malpighian (excretory) ovipositor, tubes the Thysanoptera resemble the Hemiptera . Development and Habits.—Many species of Thysanoptera are known to be habitually parthenogenetic . The eggs are laid on the food-plant, those females possessed of an ovipositor cutting through the epidermis and placing their eggs singly within the plant-tissues; a single female may take five or six See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks to See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit all her eggs . The See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young insect resembles its parent in most points, but the head is disproportionately large; the anterior abdominal spiracles are on the second segment instead of on the first, and the foot has only a single segment . At first the eyes consist of a few distinct facets on either side of the head; they increase in number as growth proceeds, and become aggregated to form the curious compound See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye of the adult . From two to four moults occur, after which the " pro-nymph " See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage is reached, which in the insect is moderately active and possesses wing-rudiments reaching to the second abdominal segment . After another moult the insect passes into the passive nymphal or " pupal " stage, during which it takes no food and rests in some safe hiding-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, such as the See also:

• SOIL

soil at the base of its food-plant or the hollow of a See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf-stalk . During this stage the cuticle draws away from the imaginal cuticle which is forming beneath, ultimately becoming separated as a thintransparent pellicle through which the form of the adult can be seen . Thysanoptera are found on the leaves and in the blossoms of See also:

• PLANTS

plants . According to Hinds they feed chiefly on the See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green tissues, which " are punctured by the piercing mouth-parts and the See also:

• SAP

sap withdrawn by suction . The traces of their feeding are left in irregular streaks of dry, whitened cells." It has been stated that when present in blossoms they feed on See also:

• NECTAR

nectar, but it is more probable that there--as on the green parts—they suck sap .

In any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, their presence in See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple blossoms has been known to prevent the formation of See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit through injury to the essential organs of the See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower, and some species do considerable damage to ears of See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn . Some Thysanoptera habitually dwell on the under-surface of leaves, and others periodically migrate to roots . While the majority of the Thysanoptera are thus vegetarian in their See also:

• DIET

diet, and are frequently injurious in See also:

• FARM

farm and See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden, some species, at least occasionally, adopt a predaceous See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit, killing aphids and small mites (so-called " red-See also:

• SPIDERS

spiders ") and sucking their juices . There are even records of an Anaphothrips, when cut off from its normal See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable food-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply, becoming cannibalistic and feeding on its own species . The usual See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations in habit that characterize plant-feeding insects are exhibited by the Thysanoptera some species being found only on one particular food-plant, while others thrive indifferently on a large assortment . Some members of this order spend the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter in the adult See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, others in the " larval " or " pupal " condition . They shelter in crevices of the bark of trees, in the dried stems of herbaceous plants, or among See also:

• MOSS

moss and fallen leaves on the ground . Hinds states that the hibernating individuals live for more than six months . During summer there may be eight or nine successive generations when conditions are favourable and food abundant . See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

Distribution and Fossil History.—The Thysanoptera are probably See also:

• WORLD

world-wide in their range, but they have hardly been studied outside Europe and See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America . Fossil insects referable to the order have been found in See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary beds as old as the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White See also:

• RIVER

River Oligocene of North America, and the Baltic See also:

• AMBER

amber, but nothing is known as to the previous history of the group . Classification.—Only about 15o species of Thysanoptera are known; the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European species with a few See also:

• EXOTIC (Gr. EWTIK6s, foreign, from few, outside)

exotic forms have been described by Uzel, the North See also:

• AMERICAN

American by Hinds .

These writers both follow the classification of Haliday, who divided the order into two See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups or sub-orders . 1 . Terebrantia: In this division (See also:

• FIGS

figs . 1, 4) the abdomen is cylindrical, the female is provided with a ventral ovipositor and has the terminal abdominal segment conical; the corresponding segment in the male is usually bluntly rounded . The forewings have at least a single See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal nervure—often two—reaching from base to tip of the wing . The maxillary pains have usually three, the labial either two or four segments . There are two families of Terebrantia: (a) the Aeolothripidae, whose feelers have nine segments; whose wings, relatively broad and rounded at the tip, have a few See also:

• CROSS

cross nervules, and whose ovipositor is curved backwar. le: and (b) the Thripidae, whose feelers have six to eight segments, whose narrow See also:

• ACUMINATE (from Lat. acumen, point)

acuminate wings have no cross nervules, and whose ovipositor (fig . 4) is curved downwards . This latter See also:

• FAMILY

family contains the great majority of the order . 2 . Tubulifera: This division comprises but a single family — the Phloeothripidae; the species are not numerous, but some of them are of large See also:

• SIZE

size for Thysanoptera, as much as 8 mm . (one-third See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch) in length .

These insects have the abdomen flattened, with its terminal segment (see fig . 5) narrow and cylindrical . The palps, both maxillary and labial, have two segments . There is no ovipositor, and the wings are either without nervures or have only a single degraded longitudinal nervure which does not reach to the tip . While the Terebrantia are often rapid in their movements, the Tubulifera are slow and deliberate . According to Hinds, " they never run or See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring." A . B . (After H .