See also:

• TIBBU, or TEBU (" Men of Tu," i.e. " of the rocks ")

TIBBU, or TEBU (" Men of Tu," i.e. " of the rocks ")  , a See also:

• NOMAD (Gr. voµas, voµabes, wandering)

nomad See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro-See also:

• BERBER

Berber See also:

• RACE

race of the eastern See also:

• SAHARA

Sahara, their territory being conterminous westward with that of the See also:

• TUAREG, or TAWAREK (more properly Tawarik, the collective form of tarki, from Arabic terek, to give up)

Tuareg See also:

• BERBERS

Berbers . Roughly, their domain is some 200,000 sq. m . Their western-most settlements are the oases of See also:

• AGRAM (Hungarian Zagreb, Croatian Zagreb)

Agram, Kawar and Jebado, their northernmost the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Gatron (Qatrun) within the See also:

• FEZZAN (the ancient Phazania, or country of the Garamantes)

Fezzan frontier, while See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south and south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east they See also:

• MERGE

merge gradually in the See also:

• NEGROID

negroid populations of Kanem, See also:

• BORNU

Bornu (See also:

• CHAD
• CHAD [CEADDA], SAINT (d. 672)

Chad See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin), See also:

• WADAI

Wadai and See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• DARFUR

Darfur . But the bulk of the nation isconcentrated in the region of See also:

• TIBESTI

Tibesti or Tu, hence their name, There are two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main divisions—the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Teda, or less negroid See also:

• TIBBU, or TEBU (" Men of Tu," i.e. " of the rocks ")

Tibbu, and the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Daza, or more negroid Tibbu . Some-what more distantly connected with the same See also:

• FAMILY

family are the Baele of the eastern and south-eastern oases and the Zoghawa (Zaghwa) of Darfur . The Tibbu are variously estimated as numbering from 6o,000 to See also:

• IOO

Ioo,000, but their districts are so little known that these figures are not to be relied on . The Tibbu are usually identified with the Garamantes of See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus (iv . 183), whose See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital was Garama (See also:

• IDRISI, or EDRISI [Abu Abdallah Mahommed Ibn Mahommed Ibn Abdallah Ibn Idrisi, c. A.D. 1099-1154]

Idrisi's Germa) in Phazania (Fezzan), and of whom See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy already spoke doubtfully as Ethiopians (Negroes ?) : "Ovrwv Si scat arise r~Sr/ isaMov AiOLblrwv (i . 8) . But See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo See also:

• AFRICANUS, SEXTUS JULIUS

Africanus transfers them to the Berber connexion, whose fifth See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division he deals with under the names of Gumeri (Garamantes?) and Bardaei or Bardoa, that is, the Teda of the Bardai See also:

• OASIS (Gr. &toss, the name given by Herodotus to the fertile spots in the Libyan desert: it probably represents an Egyptian word, cf. Coptic ouahe, ouih, to dwell, from which the Egyptian Arabic sod is derived)

oasis, Tibesti.1 Lastly Heinrich See also:

• BARTH
• BARTH, HEINRICH (1821–1865)
• BARTH, KASPAR VON (1587-1658)

Barth on linguistic grounds grouped them with the See also:

• KANURI, or BERIBERI

Kanuri of Bornu, who are undoubtedly negroes; and since his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time (1852–1853) the Tibbu have been regarded by most ethnologists as a negroid See also:

• PEOPLE

people.' Gustav See also:

• NACHTIGAL, GUSTAV (1834-1885)

Nachtigal, who studied them carefully (1870–1873), although his own inferences are somewhat vague, supplies sufficient See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence for a See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of this difficult ethnological problem . There can be little doubt that the Teda, or true Tibbu, probably identical with the Tedamansii, a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Garamantes, placed by Ptolemy south of the Samamycii in Tripolitana,3 physically resemble their western Tuareg neighbours . They are a pure homogeneous race, who have for ages undergone no perceptible See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in their rocky homes, and are still distinguished by the See also:

• REGULAR

regular features, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black ringlety See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, haughty bearing and fierce expression See also:

• COMMON

common to so many of the Berber peoples .

Mostly of See also:

• MIDDLE

middle See also:

• SIZE

size, they are finely See also:

• PRO

pro-portioned, except the somewhat too small hands and feet, with lighter complexion than that of the southern Daza, and no trace of the See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose, thick tumid lips, or other marked characteristics of the true negro . " Their See also:

• WOMEN

women are charming while still in the See also:

• BLOOM (from A.S. bloma, a flower)

bloom of youth " (See also:

• KEANE, JOHN JOSEPH (1839– )

Keane's See also:

• RECLUS, JEAN JACQUES ELISEE (1830-1905)

Reclus, xxii . 429) . But there has been a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general displacement of the race southwards; and, while a few linger in the northern Gatron and Kufara districts, large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers have since See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval times penetrated into the Kanem, Bornu, Wadai and Darfur regions of central See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan . Here they have everywhere merged in the natives, so that in the Daza, Kanembu, Kanuri, Baele and Zoghawa See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups the Tibbu race presents all the shades of transition between the true negro and the true Berber . The same transitional stages are observed in the Tibbu forms of speech, which constitute a wide-spread linguistic family, whose most archaic and purest branch is the Tedaga of Tibesti (Nachtigal) . Through the southern Dazaga the Tedaga merges in the more highly See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed and more See also:

• RECENT

recent Kanem, Bornu (Kanuri), Ennedi (Baele) and Darfur (Zoghawa) dialects, which, owing to the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of grammatical gender and some other structural features, are usually classed as negro See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages . But a negro See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue could not have arisen among the people of Hamitic speech of the Tibesti uplands, and the explanation of this linguistic difficulty is obviously the same as that of the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• PUZZLE

puzzle . The negro See also:

• AFFINITIES

affinities of the southern members of the See also:

• GROUP

group have arisen through assimilation with the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original and now partly displaced negro idioms of central Sudan . There remains the final difficulty that Tedaga itself has nothing in common with the Berber or any Hamitic tongue . If, therefore, it is neither Hamitic nor negro, the only two stock languages recognized by See also:

• LEPSIUS, KARL RICHARD (1810–1884)

Lepsius in See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, how is it to be placed ? Lepsius's generalization, inconsistent as it is with the conditions occurring in other parts of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, must be rejected .

See also:

• ROOM

Room having thus been found for other linguistic families, the Tedaga of Tibesti may be explained as an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution from a primeval Tibbu-Berber germ, analogous to other linguistic evolutions in other isolated or inaccessible highland regions, such as the See also:

• CAUCASUS

Caucasus, the See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees and the See also:

• ANAHUAC

Anahuac table-See also:

• LAND

land . The common germ has long since perished, or can no longer be detected, and the Tibbu and Berber languages stand See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by side as fundamentally distinct, while the two races remain physically one . The Tibbu are therefore a Berber people, who in their secluded homes have had time to evolve an independent See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of speech, which southwards has become largely assimilated to the Sudanese negro dialects . Lying on the See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of the great See also:

• CARAVAN (more correctly Karwan)

caravan route between Fezzan and See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Chad, the Tibbu have always been a predatory race, levying See also:

• BLACKMAIL

blackmail on the convoys passing through their territory, maintaining inter-tribal feuds and carrying on See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant 1 See Vater, See also:

• MITHRADATES

Mithradates, ii. p . 45 of See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin ed . 1812, and Nachtigal, Sahara and Sudan (1881), ii . 189 . 2 " Ursprunglich ein Negervolk," Lepsius, Nubische Grammalik (Einleitung) (Berlin, 1880) . 3 The original inhabitants of the Kufara (Kufra) oases were Teda, some of whom survive in a See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement south of See also:

• JEBEL (plur. jibed)

Jebel Nari . Since the beginning of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century they have been replaced elsewhere in Kufara by the Zwiya See also:

• ARABS

Arabs from the Leshkerreh oases . warfare with the surrounding Berber and Sudanese populations . The tribal organization embraces dardai or headmen, See also:

• MAINA (or MANI)

maina or nobles, and the common folk, while the unwritten See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom rules supreme over all classes .

Their customs are partly negroid, partly Arab . They scar their faces like the negroes and See also:

• WEAR

wear the See also:

• VEIL (O.Fr. veile, mod. voile, from Lat. velum, cloth, awning, sail)

veil like the Tuareg . See G . F . See also:

• LYON, MARY MASON (1797-1849)
• LYON, NATHANIEL (1818-1861)

Lyon, Narrative of Travels in Northern Africa (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1821); Gustav Nachtigal, Sahara and Sudan (Berlin and See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1879-1889) ; See also:

• GERHARD
• GERHARD, FRIEDRICH WILHELM EDUARD (1795-1867)

Gerhard See also:

• ROHLFS, FRIEDRICH GERHARD (1831—1896)

Rohlfs, Quer durch Africa (1874-1875) .