See also:

• TIBER (anc. Tiberis; Ital. Tevere)

TIBER (anc. Tiberis; Ital. Tevere)  , a See also:

• RIVER

river of central See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . It traverses the Tuscan See also:

• APENNINES (Gr. 'A1T- vvLvos, Lat. Appenninus—in both cases used in the singular)

Apennines—in which it rises at a point some 12 M . N. of Pieve See also:

• SAN

San Stefano, 416o ft. above sealevel—in a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of picturesque ravines, skirts the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• FOOT

foot of the See also:

• SABINE, SIR EDWARD (1788-1883)

Sabine Mountains in a broad shallow valley, then crosses the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Campagna, cutting its way through See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, and finally enters the Tyrrhenian (Mediterranean) See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea by two arms at See also:

• OSTIA

Ostia and Fiumicino, the latter artificial . Its See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal tributaries are the Paglia, the Nera and the Anio or Teverone, and it is generally navigable by boats up to the confluence of the Nera, a distance of 104 m., though, owing to the rapidity of the current, there is very little See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation above Rome . The See also:

• TOTAL

total length of the river is 240 m., of which 21 M. See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie between Rome and the sea . This latter portion of the river's course is tortuous, but in spite of this, and although the See also:

• DEPTH

depth varies from only 7 to 20 ft., and in ,'places at See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• WATER

water does not exceed 4 ft., it is nevertheless navigated by vessels up to 18o tons See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden and proposals have been made to embank and dredge it so as to increase this depth to 8 ft. at least, or to build a See also:

• SHIP

ship See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal up to Rome . The See also:

• AREA

area of the See also:

• TIBER (anc. Tiberis; Ital. Tevere)

Tiber See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin is 6845 sq. m . The stream is heavily charged with sediment, and from that circumstance got its See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient epithet of flavus (tawny) . It does not, however, See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta proportionate to the See also:

• VOLUME

volume of its water, owing to a strong sea current flowing northwards See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the See also:

• SHORE

shore, to the sudden sinking of the sea to a See also:

• GREAT

great depth immediately off the mouth of the river, and possibly also to the permanent subsidence of the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast from the Tiber mouth southwards to See also:

• TERRACINA (Lat. Tarracina, Volsc. Anxur)

Terracina . Still it has advanced at each mouth about 2 M. since Roman times, while the effect of the sediment it brings down is seen on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-west almost as far as Palo (anc . See also:

• ALSIUM (mod. Palo)

Alsium), and on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east beyond Tor See also:

• PATERNO

Paterno (see See also:

• LAURENTINA, VIA

LAURENTINA VIA) in the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual advance of the coast . The See also:

• RATE

rate of advance at Fiumicino is estimated at 13 ft. per annum .

From Rome to the sea the fall is only 6.5.: See also:

• I000

I000 . The See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm which reaches the sea at Fiumicino is a canal, dug by See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius and improved by See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan (see See also:

• PORTUS

PORTUS), which partially silted up in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, and was reopened for navigation by See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul V. in 1612, 22 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, 8o-13o ft. wide, and with a minimum depth of 5 ft . The See also:

• LOWER

lower course of the Tiber has been from the earliest ages subject to frequent and severe inundations; of more See also:

• RECENT

recent ones, those of 1598, 1870 and 1900 have been especially destructive, but since the See also:

• YEAR

year 1876 the See also:

• MUNICIPALITY

municipality of Rome, assisted by the Italian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government, has taken steps to check, and possibly to prevent these calamities within the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city by constructing embankments of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, resting on caissons, for a total distance (counting in both sides of the river) of 6 See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles . The See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood of 1900 carried away about 4 m. of the new See also:

• EMBANKMENT

embankment on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the right arm opposite the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island owing to the faulty planning of the course of the river at that point, which threw the whole of the water into the right arm, and except in flood See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, See also:

• LEFT

left the left arm dry—a See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault which has since been corrected . In the prehistoric See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the mouth of the Tiber must have been situated at the point where the hills which follow it on each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side cease, about 12 in. below Rome . On the right bank they are of See also:

• PLIOCENE (from the Gr. sr?eiov, mere, and xatvbs, recent)

pliocene See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel, on the left of tufa; and on the latter, on a cliff above the river (the ancient Puilia saxa) stood Ficana (marked by the farmhouse of Dragoncello), which is said to have owed its origin to Ancus See also:

• MARTIUS, CARL FRIEDRICH PHILIPP VON (1794—1868)

Martius . Beyond these hills the low coast See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt formed by the solid See also:

• MATTER

matter brought down by the river begins; and on each side of the mouth in the See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat ground were See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt marshes (see OSTIA, PORTUS) . The flood of 1900, when the river both above and below Rome extended over the whole width of its valley, from See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill to hill, and over most of the low ground at its mouth, gave an See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the conditions which must have existed in prehistoric days .