See also:

• TICINO (Fr. and Ger. Tessin)
• TICINO (Ger. Tessin, anc. Ticinus)

TICINO (Fr. and Ger. See also:

• TESSIN, CARL GUSTAF, COUNT (1695-1770)

Tessin)  , a See also:

• CANTON
• CANTON (borrowed from the Ital. cantone, a corner or angle)
• CANTON (more correctly KWANG-CHOW Fu)
• CANTON, JOHN (1718-1772)

canton of See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, the only one situated almost wholly on the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern slope of the See also:

• ALPS

Alps and inhabited by a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of which the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority is See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian-speaking . It takes its name from the See also:

• TICINO (Fr. and Ger. Tessin)
• TICINO (Ger. Tessin, anc. Ticinus)

Ticino See also:

• RIVER

river, the whole upper course of which (the Val Leventina, with its See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side glen of Val Blenio, the so-called See also:

• RIVIERA

Riviera, extending from Biasca to near See also:

• BELLINZONA (Ger. Bellenz)

Bellinzona, and the See also:

• BIT (from the verb " to bite," either in the sense of a piece bitten off, or an act of biting, or a thing that bites or is bitten)

bit beyond Bellinzona), till it swells into the Lago See also:

• MAGGIORE, LAGO (Lacus Verbanus of the Romans; Fr. Lac Majeur; Ger. Langensee)

Maggiore, is within the canton . Not far from the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Lago Maggiore the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake is increased by the Maggia tor-See also:

• RENT

rent which is formed by the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of the torrents descending from the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain glens known as the valleys of See also:

• LOCARNO (Ger. Luggarus)

Locarno, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the Val Verzasca, the stream from which falls into the lake without joining the Maggia . The third portion of the canton is that called See also:

• MONTE

Monte Cenere, including the hilly region between Bellinzona on the Ticino and See also:

• LUGANO (Ger. Lauis)
• LUGANO, LAKE OF (also called CERESIO)

Lugano, together with most of the lake of that name, and stretching on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south as far as Mendrisio, not far from See also:

• COMO (anc. Comum)
• COMO, LAKE OF (the Lacus Larius of the Romans, and so sometimes called LARIO to the present day, though in the 4th century it is already termed Lacus Comacinus)

Como . These three districts were all formerly See also:

• PART

part of the duchy of See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan till conquered by the Swiss, and in 1803 were joined together to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a Swiss canton of the most artificial See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind (Campione, opposite Lugano, is still an Italian " See also:

• ENCLAVE (a French word from enclaver, to enclose)

enclave ") . Its See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area is 1081.1 sq. m., of which 721.9 sq. m. are reckoned as " productive " (forests covering 267.2 sq. m. and vineyards 19.9 sq. m.), while of the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest part is taken up by the Lake of Lugano (the Swiss See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of which is 71 sq. m.), and those of the Lago Maggiore (Swiss share 164 sq. m.), and by 134 sq. m. of glaciers . In point of See also:

• SIZE

size the canton is surpassed by only four other cantons (See also:

• BERN (Fr. Berne)

Bern, the See also:

• GRISONS (Ger. Graubunden)

Grisons, the See also:

• VALAIS (Ger. Wallis, Ital. Vallese)

Valais, and See also:

• VAUD (Ger. Waadt)

Vaud), while only Vaud can boast of a larger See also:

• VINE

vine-growing See also:

• DISTRICT

district . The highest points in the canton are two of the loftiest summits of the two halves of the Lepontine Alps—the Basodino (10,749 ft.) and the Rheinwaldhorn or Piz Valrhein (11,149 ft.) in the Adula Alps . Save the Ticino valley between Biasca, Bellinzona and Locarno, and the environs of Lugano, the canton is principally composed of hills and mountains, and is therefore poor from the material point of view, though See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in See also:

• FINE

fine scenery . The canton is traversed from end to end, from Airolo at the southern mouth of the St Gotthard See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

tunnel to beyond Mendrisio (about 74 m.), by the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• LINE

line of the St Gotthard railway, many of the marvellous See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering triumphs of which occur between Airolo and Biasca . From Bellinzona there is a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch railway to Locarno (14 m.), whence another runs up to Bignasco (172 m.), while from Lugano there is a mountain line up the Monte S . Salvatore (3004 ft.), and from Capolago another similar line up the Monte Generoso (5591 ft., that See also:

• SUMMIT

summit being just on the See also:

• POLITICAL

political frontier) .

Till 1859 the can-ton was legally included in the Italian dioceses of Milan (the portion See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of Bellinzona, the Val Leventina and the Val Blenio therefore still using the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient " Ambrosian See also:

• LITURGY (Low Lat. liturgia; Gr. X€Zros, public, and Epyov, work; )Aetrovpy6s, a public servant)

Liturgy ") and of Como (the rest of the canton) . In that See also:

• YEAR

year the Swiss See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

Confederation abolished this See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction, but practically the two bishops named had See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of these districts till in 1888 the purely Swiss See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of Lugano was set up, being now joined to that of See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel, and governed by an See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator apostolic . In 1900 the population of the canton was 138,638, of whom 134,774 were Italian-speaking, 318o See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German-speaking and 403 See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French-speaking, while 135,828 were Roranists, 2209 Protestants and 18 See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews . Of the German-speaking inhabitants 26o belonged to the See also:

• HAMLET

hamlet of Bosco or Gurin, situated at the head of one of the side glens of the Val Maggia, and colonized before 1253 from the neighbouring Tosa or Pommat valley (now politically Italian), which is inhabited by German-speaking emigrants from the canton of the Valais . In 1900 there were in the canton 75,731 See also:

• WOMEN

women to 62,907 men, the men being in the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of emigrating in See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search of See also:

• WORK

work . Up to 1881 Bellinzona, Locarno and Lugano were alternately the political See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, each for six years, but since 1881 Bellinzona is the permanent capital . Yet it is but the second See also:

• TOWN

town in size, being surpassed by Lugano (q.v.), while after it come Locarno (q.v.) and Mendrisio (3338 inhabitants) . Being practically Italian, though now " Italian Switzerland," the canton has produced many sculptors, painters and architects . But its See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial development is backward, though the opening of the St Gotthard railway has attracted many foreign travellers . Yet the male population largely migrate in search of work and See also:

• WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages as See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house keepers (such as Delmonico, of New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York), waiters in cafes, masons, plasterers, labourers, navvies, &c . See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

Fruit, chestnuts and See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine are among the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal exports . The canton is divided into 8 administrative districts, which comprise 265 communes .

The cantonal constitution is still that of 183o, which, however, has been almost mended out of sight owing to the political struggles that have raged in the canton . The legislature (Gran consiglio) is composed of members elected (since 188o) in the proportion of one to every 1200 (or fraction over 600) of the Swiss inhabitants, and holding See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office for four years . The executive (Consiglio di stato) is (since 1892) elected directly by the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, is composed (since 1875) of five members, and holds office for four years . Since 1883 5000 citizens have the right (facultative See also:

• REFERENDUM

referendum) of claiming a popular See also:

• VOTE

vote as to bills passed by the legislature, while (since 1892) S000 citizens have the right of " initiative " in legislative matters, though 7000 signatures are required in See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of a proposal to revise the cantonal constitution . In 1891 the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of proportional See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation was introduced for elections to the cantonal legislature and the communal assemblies . In 1904 a very complicated system of proportional representation was adopted by a narrow majority of the people of Ticino . In elections to the cantonal legislature all fractions below that required to secure a member in the entire canton are added together and then divided by the number of the non-elected candidates, plus one, the persons thus selected being, as far as possible, assigned to the constituencies in which they have obtained most votes (the point remains obscure) . In 1904 also the " limited vote " was adopted as to the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of members of the executive, no one being allowed to vote for more than four out of the five members . In 1896, by a See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange See also:

• ANOMALY (from Gr. lwvw)

anomaly only to be explained by the previous political See also:

• HISTORY

history of the canton, non-See also:

• RESIDENT

resident citizens were liven a vote in all cantonal and communal matters, though See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence is strictly required for all voters in Federal matters . The two members of the federal Stdnderath and the seven members of the Federal Nationalrath are elected by a popular vote . The canton is made up of all the permanent conquests (with one or two trifling exceptions) made by different members of the Swiss Confederation south of the main See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of the Alps . From an See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical point of view Italian Switzerland falls into three See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups: (I) the Val Leventina conquered by See also:

• URI

Uri in 1440 (previously held from 1403 to 1422); (2) Bellinzona (previously held from 1419 to 1422) ; the Riviera and the Val Blenio, all won in 15oo from the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Milan by men from Uri, See also:

• SCHWYZ
• SCHWYZ (modern spelling Schwiz)

Schwyz and Nidwalden, and confirmed by See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XII. of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France in 1503; (3) Locarno, Val Maggia, Lugano and Mendrisio, seized in 1512 by the Confederates when fighting for the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• LEAGUE

League against France, ruled by the twelve members then in the league, and confirmed by See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis I. in the treaty of 1516 .

These districts were governed by bailiffs holding office two years and purchasing it from the members of the League; each member of See also:

• GROUP

group 3 sent annually an See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy, who conjointly constituted the supreme See also:

• APPEAL

appeal in all matters . This See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government was very harsh and is one of the darkest pages in Swiss history . Yet only one open revolt is recorded—that of the Val Leventina against Uri in 1755 . In 1798 the people were distracted by the Swiss and " Cisalpine See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic " parties, but sided with the Swiss . On being freed from their hated masters, they were formed into two cantons of the Helvetic republic—Bellinzona (= r and 2 above) and Lugano (= 3) . In 1803 all these districts were formed into one canton—Ticino—which became a full member of the Swiss Confederation . From 18ro to 1813 it was occupied by the troops of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon . The See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage road over the St Gotthard (1820-183o) was made under the constitution of 1814 . But many of the old troubles reappeared, and were only done away with by the constitution of the 23rd of See also:

• JUNE

June 183o . In 1848, on religious grounds and owing to fears as to customs duties, the canton voted in the minority against the Federal constitution of that year; but in 1874, though the people voted against the revised constitution, the legislature adopted it, and the canton was counted as one of the majority . Since 183o the See also:

• LOCAL

local history of the canton has been very disturbed owing to the fact that, though See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholicism is the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, and all the population are Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic (the few Protestants having been expelled from Locarno in 1555), they are divided between the See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

Radical and Ultramontane parties . Since 1876 fhe intervention of Federal troops (already known in 1870) has been frequent in consequence of conflicts of the local authorities inter se, or against the Federal See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly .

The political troubles of Ticino were increased in 1888 by the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the see of Lugano, considered by the Radicals as likely to advance Clericalism, though it freed Switzerland from foreign ecclesiastical See also:

• RULE

rule . Hence in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1890 the Radicals carried out a bloody revolution, which necessitated Federal intervention, but at a state trial at See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich in July1891 the leaders were acquitted . Political passions still run high in the canton, as the Radicals and Conservatives are nearly balanced in point of See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers . (W . A . B .