TIERRA DEL FUEGO  , an See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

archipelago at the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern extremity of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America, from which it is separated by See also:

• MAGELLAN, FERDINAND (in Sp. FERNANDO MAGALLANES, in Port. FERNAO DE MAGALHAES) (c. 1480-152I)

Magellan Strait, at the First Narrows and other points scarcely a mile wide . The See also:

• GROUP

group lies between 52° 40' and 55° 59' S. and 63° 3o' and 74° 30' W. stretching nearly in a See also:

• LINE

line with the Patagonian See also:

• ANDES

Andes for over 400 M . N.W. and S.E., between Capes See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

Pillar (Desolation See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island) and See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

Horn, and for about 270 M . W. and E. from Cape Pillar to See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine Point at the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main island of Tierra del Fuego . Southwards it tapers to 120 M. between Capes Horn and See also:

• SAN

San Diego, See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of which extends Staten Island, which terminates in Cape St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John . The boundary between See also:

• ARGENTINA

Argentina and See also:

• CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the Quichua chin , cold, or tchili, snow)

Chile has been settled in such a manner that Argentina holds that See also:

• PART

part of the main island of Tierra del Fuego which is situated east of the See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian of Cape Espiritu Santo, the frontier striking the north See also:

• SHORE

shore of Beagle Channel about its centre; and Chile holds all the western part of the main island and the other numerous islands to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and to the south of Beagle Channel . The See also:

• ARGENTINE

Argentine See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side is known as the Territory of Tierra del Fuego (including Staten Island), and the Chilean forms part of the Territory of See also:

• MAGALLANES (Spanish form of Magellan)

Magallanes . Although on See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary maps this region presents to the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye a hopelessly confused aggregate of islands, channels and See also:

• FJORD, or FIORD

fjord-like inlets, it is nevertheless clearly disposed in three main sections: (1) the main island; (2) the islands to the south, from which it is separated by Beagle Channel; (3) the islands to the west, marked off from those to the south by the Brecknock See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula . Knowledge of these lands increased considerably during the later years of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and their reputation for dreariness has been favourably modified . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate in the eastern and southern regions is not so rigorous as was believed, there are no barren lands, the See also:

• SOIL

soil is fertile and can support fruitful See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, and the See also:

• ABORIGINES

aborigines are far from being so dangerous as they were once considered to be . The greater part of the main island of Tierra del Fuego is formed by the continuation of the See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary beds of the Patagonian tableland cut by the transversal depression of Magellan Strait and by the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• LAND

land extending from Useless See also:

• BAY

Bay on the west to San See also:

• SEBASTIAN
• SEBASTIAN, ST

Sebastian Bay on the east, of so See also:

• RECENT

recent origin that there exist still some See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt lakes, this depression being represented in the old charts as an inter-oceanic passage for small boats . Although in 188o numerous prospectors discovered extensive deposits of alluvial See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, its exploitation was not generally successful, and farms took the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of mines .

By the end of the 19th century reo square See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles had been occupied by See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep on the Argentine side, and about the same extent on the Chilean; and the cattle See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry proved very profitable . The undulating tableland has an See also:

• AVERAGE

average height of 300 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, and its climate, however See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter—in 1892 and 1893 the temperature reached 12.6° F.—allows of the cultivation of See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, oats and occasionally potatoes, which, however, grow better along Beagle Channel . To the south the tableland is higher and more broken, being drained by the See also:

• SILVA, ANTONIO JOSE DA (1705–1739)

Silva and Grande, among smaller See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, the Grande being navigable in some parts by small See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft . To the west and south-west the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the land changes; the ends of the Tertiary beds are raised in small hills and Mesozoic rocks appear, forming broken ridges of the Pre-See also:

• CORDILLERA

Cordillera, a name given on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent to the ridges which precede, to the east, the Andes . In this region appears the See also:

• ANTARCTIC
• ANTARCTIC (Gr. &vri, opposite, and apKTos, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Antarctic See also:

• FOREST

forest in which pre- dominates the Fagus antarctica and F. betuloides, Drymis Wmteri, Berberis lieifolia, Pernettia, Desfonteinia and Philesia buxifolia . See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Seller and Lake Fagnano receive the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of these mountains and hills . Lake Fagnano is only 18o ft. above the sea, and its See also:

• DEPTH

depth reaches 700 ft . To the south of the lake rises the south-eastern prolongation of the Cordillera of the Andes, with ridges of a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform height of 3500 ft., in which predominate crystalline See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists which do not seem to be very old . Some peaks of Tertiary See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite break the uniformity, such as Mt Sarmiento (7200 It.), Mt See also:

• DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT (1809-1882)
• DARWIN, ERASMUS (1731-1802)

Darwin, of which two peaks have been measured (6201 and 7054 ft.), and Mt Olivaia (4324 ft.) . Sarmiento, the culminating point of the archipelago, was generally supposed to be volcanic, but it presents such extremely precipitous flanks that John See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

Ball considered it more probably " a portion cf the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock See also:

• SKELETON

skeleton that formed the See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis of the Andean See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain during the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long ages that preceded the See also:

• GREAT

great volcanic outbursts that have covered the framework of the western side of South America."' See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin See also:

• CONWAY (Conwy, or Aberconwy)
• CONWAY, HENRY SEYMOUR (1721-1795)
• CONWAY, HUGH
• CONWAY, MONCURE DANIEL (1832–1907)
• CONWAY, SIR WILLIAM MARTIN (1856– )

Conway, who ascended it, ascertained that it is,not a See also:

• VOLCANO

volcano . This is altogether an alpine region with numerous See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-clad summits and glaciers descending down to the sea . Deep valleys, which seem to be only the prolongation of fjords, penetrate into the chain in the southern slope where exist several harbours on which settlements have been founded .

Yendegaia, Lapatia and Ushuaia Bays are among the larger . Ushuaia is the site of the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the Argentine Territory, and has shown considerable development, having See also:

• REGULAR

regular communication by monthly steamers with Buenos Aires, while smaller steamers serve the different settlements along the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . Cattle farms prosper along Beagle Channel, the See also:

• TIMBER

timber industry is growing, See also:

• LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

lignite seams have been discovered, and alluvial gold is washed principally at Slogget Bay . These regions, as they become more known, may even invite the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of tourists by their See also:

• SUBLIME (Lat. sublimis, exalted)

sublime scenery . Staten Island to the east of Tierra del Fuego has been settled by the Argentine See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government; there are a See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison and lighthouse at St John See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

Harbour, and a first-class permanent meteorological and magnetic station . The See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the archipelago to the south of Beagle Channel includes the islands of See also:

• HOSTE, SIR WILLIAM (178o-1828)

Hoste, Navarin, See also:

• GORDON
• GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833—1870)
• GORDON, ALEXANDER (c. 1692—c. 1754)
• GORDON, CHARLES GEORGE (1833-'885)
• GORDON, LEON
• GORDON, LORD GEORGE (1751-1793)
• GORDON, PATRICK (1635–1699)
• GORDON, SIR JOHN WATSON (1788—1864)

Gordon, See also:

• LONDONDERRY
• LONDONDERRY, CHARLES WILLIAM STEWART (VANE), 3RD MARQUESS
• LONDONDERRY, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• LONDONDERRY, or DERRY
• LONDONDERRY, ROBERT STEWART, 2ND MARQUESS OF (1769-1822)

Londonderry, See also:

• STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
• STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
• STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
• STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
• STEWART, J
• STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
• STEWART, JULIUS L
• STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
• STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
• STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
• STEWART, STUART
• STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)

Stewart, See also:

• WOLLASTON, WILLIAM (1659--1724)
• WOLLASTON, WILLIAM HYDE (1766-1828)

Wollaston and numerous islets, disposed in triangular See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form with the See also:

• BASE

base on Beagle Channel and the See also:

• APEX

apex at the rocky headland of Cape Horn . At its west end Beagle Channel takes the name of Darwin See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

Sound, which leads to the Pacific at the Londonderry and Stewart Islands . Partial exploration in this region was conducted by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• MISSION

Mission du Cap Horn in 1882-1883, and the See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations are granite and basic volcanic rocks . The western group of islands, demarcated by Brecknock Peninsula, includes See also:

• CLARENCE, DUKES OF

Clarence Island and See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

Cook's Desolation Land, with See also:

• DAWSON, GEORGE (1821-1876)
• DAWSON, SIR JOHN WILLIAM (1820-1899)

Dawson Island and numerous rocks and islets . Desolation Land was supposed by Cook to form a continuous See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass stretching from the western entrance of Magellan Strait to See also:

• COCKBURN, ALICIA, or ALISON (1713-1994)
• COCKBURN, HENRY THOMAS (1779–1854)
• COCKBURN, SIR ALEXANDER JAMES EDMUND
• COCKBURN, SIR GEORGE

Cockburn Channel, but it actually consists of several islands, separated from each other by very narrow channels flowing between the Pacific and the western See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of Magellan Strait . The name Desolation is given to the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern member of the group terminating at Cape Pillar; the southernmost and largest island nearer to Clarence Island, is See also:

• SANTA

Santa Ines . In other cases small surveys among these fjords have shown that several of the larger islands are cut by channels which See also:

• SEPARATE

separate them into smaller ones, while elsewhere the low valleys which unite the mountains and hills are the result of See also:

• POST

post-Glacial deposits that have filled part of the former channels, these islands being the summits of an old continuous See also:

• HALF

half-submerged See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain chain .

At Dawson Island the Chilean government has established settlements, and a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic mission has carried on See also:

• WORK

work among the Alakaluf See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians . Climate.—At Ushuaia ten years' meteorological observations' have shown a mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature of 42.84° F., with a winter mean of 34.7° and a summer mean of 50.18° . These figures show that tolerably mild winters (as a whole, apart from the extremes of cold already indicated) are followed by cool summers, both seasons being accompanied by overcast skies, See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant and sudden changes from See also:

• FAIR

fair to foul See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather; while fogs, mists, rains, snows and high winds (prevailing throughout the See also:

• YEAR

year) endanger the See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation of the intricate inland channels . The precipitation during ten years at Ushuaia has been observed to average 24.8 in . But on the southern seaward islands, under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the prevalent See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly or south-westerly winds, it is very much heavier, and reaches 59 in. at Staten Island . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—In the main island of Tierra del Fuego, the low-lying plains with their See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich growth of tall herbage are frequented by the See also:

• RHEA

rhea, See also:

• GUANACO

guanaco and other animals See also:

• COMMON

common to the adjoining mainland . In the southern and western islands the fauna is restricted mainly to foxes, bats, rats, mice, the sea See also:

• OTTER
• OTTER (0. Eng. ate, otor, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch and Ger. Otter, Dan. odder, Swed. utter; it is to be referred to the root seen in Gr. 6&ep, water)
• OTTER, SEA

otter, the See also:

• PENGUIN

penguin and other aquatic birds, and various cetaceans in the surrounding waters . Inhabitants.—To the three See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical divisions correspond three well-marked ethnical See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups—the Onas of the main island, the Yagans (Yahgans) of the south and the Alakalufs of the west . With the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of the main island, which is now sometimes called Onisia, leaving the name of Tierra del Fuego to the archipelago, the Onas tribe has become fairly known . Their origin, like that of the other groups, is obscure . Undoubtedly among these Indians are many that recall some Patagonian types; it seems that they are not the same as the See also:

• TEHUELCHE, CHUELCHE

Tehuelche type, but that they pertain to one of the races that in earlier times existed in See also:

• PATAGONIA

Patagonia . Their See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language is closely allied to that called Old Tehuelche; it is a hard, slow-spoken speech, not at all resembling the soft, rapidly-spoken language of the Yagans, which has many points ' Notes of a Naturalist in South America (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1887) .

2 Dr Chavanne, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Temperatur . and Regenverhaltnisse Argentiniens (Buenos Aires, 1903).965 of similarity with that of the Alakalufs . The See also:

• ISOLATION

isolation of the Onas is peculiarly marked, inasmuch as they are an insular See also:

• PEOPLE

people who do not use boats . Their See also:

• LIFE

life is nomadic, and they are hunters, living upon the flesh of the guanaco, and using only tussock-roots and See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• CELERY (Apium graveolens)

celery for See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food . Their skill in and necessary devotion to the See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

chase influence their whole mode of life; " their moral See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code is based upon a See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical culture and See also:

• HEALTH

health." 2 They live in small groups, every member of which is connected by See also:

• FAMILY

family ties; between these groups, as in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the Yagans and Alakalufs, the See also:

• VENDETTA (Ital. from Lat. vindicta, revenge, vindicare, to defend oneself)

vendetta is common . They have no gods, though certain legends are preserved . They have maintained their stock untainted, and have withstood the influence of the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man to a remarkable degree (for example, they use no spirituous or fermented drink), though they have suffered a serious decrease in See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers at his hands . The men average about 5 ft. io in. in height; the See also:

• WOMEN

women 5 ft . 6 in . They are of a See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, with See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black straight See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, and remarkably See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular . The Yagans live under conditions of extraordinary rigour . In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to obtain food, they venture naked in small canoes into the treacherous seas; their life is a constant See also:

• BATTLE

battle with See also:

• STARVATION

starvation and a See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude climate, and their character has become rude and low in consequence . They have no higher social unit than the family .

On the authority of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Darwin they have been held by many to be cannibals, but they are not, although those suffering from incurable ailments are often put to See also:

• DEATH

death . Although taller than the Negritoes of the eastern hemisphere (4 ft . Io in. to 5 ft . 4 in.), the Yagans See also:

• PRESENT

present in some respects a more debased type characterized by low brows, prominent zygomatic See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches, large tumid lips, See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose, loose wrinkled skin, black restless eyes very wide apart, coarse black unkempt hair, and See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head and See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest disproportionately large compared with the extremely slender and outwardly curved legs . The missionaries, who have reduced the language to See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing (See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel of St See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke, London, 1881), assert that it contains no fewer than 30,000 words, although the numerals stop at five, already a See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound form, and although the same word expresses both See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand and See also:

• FINGER

finger; but it appears that a large number of the words included in this See also:

• TOTAL

total are compounds . Comparatively little is known about the Alakalufs . They have a reputation for treachery, and for assaults on shipwrecked crews . They are hunters both on land and on the See also:

• WATER

water, using the See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow and arrow like the Onas, and See also:

• BUILDING

building canoes often of large See also:

• SIZE

size . The aborigines are decreasing rapidly in the whole archipelago, and although the Rev . See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

Bridges, who, as missionary first and then as See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer, resided See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years there, calculated the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population to be io,000 when he arrived, towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 19th century it was estimated to be little more than See also:

• I000

i000 . Tierra del Fuego was discovered by Fernando de Magellan in 1520, when he sailed through the strait named after him, and called this region the " Land of See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

Fire," either from now See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct volcanic flames, or from the fires kindled by the natives along parts of his course . In 1578 Sir See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• DRAKE, NATHAN (1766-1836)
• DRAKE, SIR FRANCIS (c. 1545-1595)

Drake first sighted the point which in 1616 was named Cape See also:

• HOORN

Hoorn (anglicized Horn) by the Dutch navigators See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob Lemaire and Willem Cornelis Schouten (1615-'617) .

In 1619 the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers See also:

• GARCIA
• GARCIA (DEL POPOLO VICENTO), MANOEL (1775-1832)

Garcia and Gongalo de Nodal first circumnavigated the archipelago, which was afterwards visited at intervals by Captain Sir John See also:

• NARBOROUGH, SIR JOHN (d. 1688)

Narborough (1670), M. de Gennes and the Sieur Froger (1696), See also:

• COMMODORE (a form of " commander"; in the 17th century the term " commandore " is used)

Commodore John See also:

• BYRON, GEORGE GORDON BYRON, 6TH BARON (1788-1824)
• BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884)
• BYRON, HON
• BYRON, JOHN BYRON

Byron (1764), See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• WALLIS, JOHN (1616-1703)

Wallis and See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• CARTERET, SIR GEORGE (c. 1610-1680)

Carteret (1767), See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James Cook (1768) and James Weddell (1822) . But no systematic exploration was attempted until the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

Admiralty undertook a thorough survey of the whole group by Philip See also:

• PARKER, JOHN HENRY (1806-1884)
• PARKER, JOSEPH (183o-1902)
• PARKER, MARTIN (c. 1600-c. 1656)
• PARKER, MATTHEW (1504-1575)
• PARKER, SAMUEL (164o-1688)
• PARKER, SIR GILBERT (1862— )
• PARKER, SIR HYDE, BART
• PARKER, THEODORE (1810-186o)

Parker See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King (1826–1828) and See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• FITZROY
• FITZROY, ROBERT (1805-1865)

Fitzroy 1831-1836) . The latter expedition (Voyage of the " Beagle") was accompanied by Charles Darwin, then a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young man . To these admirable surveys is due most of the present geographical terminology of the archipelago . Subsequently the work of exploration was continued by See also:

• DUMONT
• DUMONT, ANDRE HUBERT (1809-1857)
• DUMONT, FRANCOIS (1751-1831)
• DUMONT, JEAN (d. 1726)
• DUMONT, PIERRE ETIENNE LOUIS (1759-1829)

Dumont d'Urville (1837), Charles Wilkes (1839), Parker Snow (1855), various later travellers, a selection of whose See also:

• WORKS

works are quoted below, and British, See also:

• AMERICAN

American and Roman Catholic missionaries . ' W . S . See also:

• BARCLAY, ALEXANDER (c. 1476-1552)
• BARCLAY, JOHN (1582-1621)
• BARCLAY, JOHN (1734-1798)
• BARCLAY, R
• BARCLAY, ROBERT (1648-1690)
• BARCLAY, WILLIAM (1546–1608)

Barclay, " The Land of Magallanes, with some See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the Onas and other Indians," Geographical See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal, vol. See also:

• XXIII

xxiii . (London, 1904) . Lista, " East Fuegia," in Petermanns Mitteilungen (May 1887); Mission stientifique du Cap Horn, 1882-1883 (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1888); Thomas Bridges, " Notts on Tierra del Fuego," Revista del Museo de la See also:

• PLATA, RIO DE LA, or RIVER PLATE

Plata (1892); See also:

• OTTO

Otto Nordenskjold, " Ueber die Natur der Magellanslander," See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter . Mitt., 43, 1897; L'Expedition suedoise a la Terre de See also:

• FEU

Feu (1895-1897; Wiss . Erg. der schwed .

Exped. nach den Magellonslandern, 1895-1897 (See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm, 1898) ; Geological See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

Map of the Magellan Territories (Stockholm, 1899) ; F . Lahille, " Fines de verano en la Tierra del Fuego," Revista Museo de La Plata (1898), vol . viii.; Sir Martin Conway, See also:

• ACONCAGUA

Aconcagua and Tierra del Fuego (London . 1902) ; R . Dabbene, " Viaje a la Tierra del Fuego y a la See also:

• ISLA, JOSE FRANCISCO DE (1703-1781)

Isla de los Estados," Bolet . Inst . Geog . Argentine (1905), See also:

• XX1

xx1 . ; K . Skotts•• See also:

• BERG (Ducatus Montensis)

berg, Vegetationsbilder aus Feuerland, &c., parts, and iv. in G . See also:

• KARSTEN, KARL JOHANN BERNHARD (1782-1853)

Karsten and H . Schenck's Vegetationsbilder (See also:

• JENA

Jena, 1906); R . Crawshay, The Birds of Tierra del Fuego .(London, 1907) .