See also:

• TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• TEGULA

tegula)  , the name given to See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat slabs of baked See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay or other material used for a See also:

• GREAT

great variety of architectural purposes, such as covering See also:

• ROOFS

roofs, floors and walls . z . Roofing Tiles.'—In the most important temples of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• GREECE

Greece the roof was covered with tiles of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, fitted together in the most perfect way so as to exclude the See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain . In most cases as in the Athenian See also:

• PARTHENON (HapOevwv)

Parthenon and the existing See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• AEGINA
• AEGINA (EGINA or ENGIA)

Aegina the tiles were large slabs of marble, with a flange along each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side over which See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint tiles (apµol) were accurately fitted (see A. in fig . 1) . In the temple of See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo at Bassae, though the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• BUILDING

building was of See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone, the roof was covered with very beautiful tiles of Parian marble, which are specially mentioned by See also:

• PAUSANIAS

Pausanias as being one of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief beauties of the temple . Some of these were found by Mr See also:

• COCKERELL, CHARLES ROBERT (1788-1863)

Cockerell during his excavations 1 In See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt and See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria temples and palaces were mostly roofed with See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, while inferior buildings had flat roofs covered with beaten clay (see also TERRA See also:

• COTTA
• COTTA, BERNHARD VON (1808—1879)
• COTTA, GAIUS AURELIUS (c. 124—73 B.c.)

COTTA).at Bassae See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century.2 In See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design they resemble the other examples mentioned above, but are See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar in having a joint piece worked out of the same slab of marble as the adjacent tiles (see B in fig . 1) at great additional cost of material and labour, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to secure a more perfect See also:

• FIT

fit . Fig . 2 shows the A 6 0 A, B, Marble tiles from Aegina D, See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

Sketch showing method of and Bassae, showing two jointing at the See also:

• LOWER

lower edge . methods of working the E, See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

Longitudinal See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of a clay joint tiles. joint-See also:

• TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile (&pµ61) . C, C, Clay tiles from See also:

• OLYMPIA

Olympia .

F, Joint-tile with peg to See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix it . way in which they were set on the roof . Great splendour of effect must have been gained by continuing the gleaming white of the columns and walls on to the roof . All along the See also:

• EAVES (not a plural form as is sometimes supposed, but singular; O. Eng. efes, in Mid. High Ger. obse, Gothic ubizwa, a porch; connected with " over ")

eaves each end of a See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row of joint tiles was usually covered by an antefixa, an See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval topped piece of marble with See also:

• HONEYSUCKLE (Mid. Eng., honysocle, i.e. any plant from which honey may be sucked,—cf. A.-S. huni-suge, privet; Ger. Geissblalt; Fr. chevrefeuille)

honeysuckle or some other conventional See also:

• PATTERN

pattern carved in 'See also:

• RELIEF

relief.$ In most cases the Greeks used terra-cotta roofing tiles, shaped like the marble ones of fig. i, A . Others were without a flange, being formed by a See also:

• CONCAVE

concave upper See also:

• SURFACE

surface to prevent the rain getting underneath the joint tiles . The lower edge of the tile, whether of marble or of clay, was usually See also:

• HALF

half-lapped and fitted into a corresponding See also:

• REBATE (Fr. rabat, from rabattre, to beat back)

rebate in fig . 1, at Bassae . B, B, Dowels to fix the joint-tiles . C, Tilting piece. a, a, Flat surface of tiles: the upper edge of the next tile (see D in fig . 1) . The &See also:

• PILOT

pilot. also were half-lapped at the See also:

• JOINTS

joints (see E in fig . 1) .

All these. were usually fastened with See also:

• BRONZE

bronze nails to the rafters of the roof . In some cases each joint-tile had a projecting peg to fix it to the next &pµos, as shown at F . In the temples of Imperial See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome marble roofing tiles were used like those shown at fig . 1 . These were copied from See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• WORK

work along with other salient architectural features . For domestic and other less important work clay tiles (tegulae) were employed, of the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form shown in A, fig . 3 . These are narrower at the lower edge, so as to fit into the upper 2 See Cockerell, Temples of Aegsna and Bassae (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1860): Marble tiles are said to have been first made by Byzes of See also:

• NAXOS

Naxos about 62o B.c.; see Pausanias V . I0, 2 . edge of the next tile and the joints were covered with a semi-circular joint tile (See also:

• IMBREX (Latin for " tile ")

imbrex) . Rows of terra-cotta antefixae were set along the eaves of the roof, and were often moulded with very beautiful reliefs . In localities which See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply laminated stone, such as See also:

• GLOUCESTERSHIRE

Gloucestershire and See also:

• HAMPSHIRE (or COUNTY OF SOUTHAMPTON, abbreviated HANTS)

Hampshire in See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans often roofed their buildings with stone tiles fastened A, Section and See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of the clay tiles commonly used in ancient Rome .

B, See also:

• ROMAN

Roman stone tiles, each fixed with one See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• NAIL (O. Eng. naegal, cf. Dutch, Ger., Swed. nagel; the word is also related to Lat. unguis, Gr. ovu, Sans. nakhas)

nail at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle . C, See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

Pan-tiles used in See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval and See also:

• MODERN

modern times . with iron nails . Fig . 3, B, shows an example from a Roman See also:

• VILLA

villa at Fifehead See also:

• NEVILLE, GEORGE (c. 1432-1476)
• NEVILLE, or NEVILL
• NEVILLE, RALPH (d. 1244)

Neville, in See also:

• DORSET, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF

Dorset, See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . Each slab had a See also:

• LAP

lap of about 2" over the row of tiles below it; many large iron nails were found with these stone tiles . In a few cases, in the most magnificent temples of ancient Rome, as in those of Capitoline See also:

• JUPITER

Jupiter and of See also:

• VENUS

Venus and Rome, and also the small circular temple of See also:

• VESTA (Gr. 'Errata)

Vesta' tiles of thickly gilded bronze were used, which must have had a most magnificent effect . Those of the last named building are specially mentioned by See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny (U.N. xxxiv . 7) as having been made of Syracusan bronze2—an alloy in great repute among the Romans . The bronze tiles from the temples of Jupiter Capitolinus and of Venus and Rome were taken by See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• HONORIUS
• HONORIUS, FLAVIUS (384-423)

Honorius I . (625–638) to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the See also:

• BASILICA

basilica of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter, whence they were stolen by the See also:

• SARACENS

Saracens during their invasion of the Leonine See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city in 846.3 In medieval times See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead or copper4 in large sheets was used for the chief churches and palaces of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe; but in more See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary work clay tiles of very See also:

• SIMPLE

simple form were employed . One variety, still very See also:

• COMMON

common in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, is shown in C, fig .

3 . In this form of so-called " pan-tile " each tile has a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve, forming a See also:

• TEGULA

tegula and imbrex both in one . Stone tiles were also very common throughout the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages . Another See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of roofing tile, largely used in pre-See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman times, and for some centuries later for certain purposes, was made of thin pieces of split See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, generally See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak; these are called " shingles." They stand the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather fairly well, and many old examples still exist, especially on the wooden towers and See also:

• SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

spires of See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Anglia . At the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, when See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate is not used, tiles of burnt clay are the ordinary roofing material, and many complicated forms have been invented to exclude rain . Most of these are, however, costly and do not See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer better than the rectangular tile about 9 by 6 in., fastened with two See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper or even stout See also:

• ZINC

zinc nails, and well bedded on See also:

• MORTAR

mortar mixed with See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair . For additional See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security clay tiles are usually made with two small projections at the upper edge, which See also:

• HOOK, JAMES CLARKE (1819-1907)
• HOOK, THEODORE EDWARD (1788-1841)
• HOOK, WALTER FARQUHAR (1798-1875)

hook on to the battens to which they are nailed . The See also:

• DISTRICT

district See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round See also:

• BROSELEY

Broseley (See also:

• SHROPSHIRE (SALOP)

Shropshire) is one of the chief centres in England for the manufacture of roofing tiles of the better sort . The common kinds are made wherever See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good i The See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome of the See also:

• PANTHEON (Lat. pantheum or pantheon; Gr. srav& ov, all-holy, from re, s, all, and Oeor god)

Pantheon was covered with tiles or plates of bronze thickly gilt, as were also the roofs of the See also:

• FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

forum of See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan . 2 Bronze tiles for small buildings such as this were usually of a pointed oval form, something like the feathers of a See also:

• BIRD

bird . This kind of tiling is called pavouaceum by Pliny, H.N., See also:

• XXXVI

xxxvi . 22 .

3 See also:

• PART

Part of the bronze tiles had been stripped from the temple of Jupiter by the See also:

• VANDALS (Lat. Vandili or Vandilii)

Vandals in 455; see See also:

• PROCOPIUS

Procopius, See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

Bell . See also:

• VAN

Van. i . 5 . The gilt domes of See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow are examples of this use of copper . See also the domed churches at See also:

• ROTTERDAM

Rotterdam, See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg and Lilbeck.See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick-clay exists . In some places pan-tiles are still used and have a very picturesque effect; but they are liable to let in the rain, as they cannot be securely nailed or well bedded in mortar . In Gloucestershire, See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire, See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-east See also:

• LANCASHIRE

Lancashire and other counties of England, stone tiles are still employed, but are rapidly going out of use, as they require very strong roof timbers to support them, and the great See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways has made the common See also:

• PURPLE

purple slates cheap in nearly every district . The See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green slates of the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake District are now extensively used for this purpose, often with excellent effect . Some of the mosques and palaces of See also:

• PERSIA

Persia are roofed with the most magnificent, enamelled, lustred tiles, decorated with elaborate See also:

• PAINTING

painting, so that they shine like See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold in the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun . They were specially used from the 13th century to the 15th . In See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style and manufacture the finest of them resemble the See also:

• FRIEZE

frieze shown in fig . 5 .

2 . See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

Wall Tiles.—These are partly described under MURAL DECORATION (q.v.).' In used in the most magnificent way throughout the middle ages especially in See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, Broussa, See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus, See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo, Moorish See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, and in the chief towns of Persia . Fig . 4. shows a See also:

• FINE

fine example from a See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque in Damascus . From the 12th to the 16th century a See also:

• SPECIAL

special kind of lustred tiles was largely employed for dadoes, friezes and other wall surfaces, being frequently made in large slabs, modelled boldly in relief with sentences from sacred books or the names and See also:

• DATES

dates of reigning caliphs . The whole was picked out in See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, usually dark or See also:

• TURQUOISE

turquoise See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue, on a ground of FIG . 4.–Wall Tiles from Damascus, of cream-white See also:

• ENAMEL (formerly " amel," derived through the Fr. amail, emmll, esmail, from a Latin word smaltum, first found in a 9th-century life of Leo IV.)

enamel, and the 16th century . in the last firing See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute ornaments in copper lustre were added over the whole design, giving the utmost splendour of effect (see fig . 5) . Great skill and See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste are shown by the way in which the . delicate painted enrichments are part of a frieze . made to contrast with the bold decoration in relief . These lustred tiles sometimes See also:

• LINE

line the See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer-See also:

• NICHE (through Fr. niche from Ital. nicchia, nicchio, shell; possibly from Lat. mitulus, a sea-mussel; cf. " napkin " from mappa)

niche in houses and mosques; in such cases the slabs usually have a conventional See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of the kaaba at See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca, with a See also:

• LAMP (from Gr. Xag ras, a torch, Xaµaav, to shine)

lamp See also:

• HANGING

hanging in front of it and a border of sentences from the See also:

• KORAN

Koran s The mosques of Persia are specially See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in this method of decoration, 6 For the enamelled wall tiles of ancient Egypt, see See also:

• CERAMICS, or KERAMICS (Gr. KEpapos, earthenware)

CERAMIcs .

6 The See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria and See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert Museum, London, contains many fine examples of the early as well as of the later sorts, like those shown in fig . 4 . A most See also:

• ORIENTAL

oriental countries tiles were magnificent examples existing at Natenz, Seljuk, See also:

• TABRIZ

Tabriz, See also:

• ISFAHAN (older form Ispahan)

Isfahan ;ad other places.' See also:

• INDIAN

Indian tile-work is specially described in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article See also:

• KASHI

KASHI . Stamped See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish tile decoration in its earliest form was an See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic, pieces of enamelled tile of various See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours being arranged in geometrical patterns, or combined with See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass or stone for the purpose . In the 14th and 15th centuries this See also:

• PROCESS

process was supplanted by one in which the variously shaped and coloured sections of tile were separated by means of narrow bands of the same material, enamelled in white and disposed in various combinations of geometrical interlacing . Of this kind are the bulk of the See also:

• ALHAMBRA, THE

Alhambra tiles . But the tediousness of the process gave rise, about 1450, to what is known as the cuerda seta (or " dry See also:

• CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord ") method, in which narrow fillets at the edges of the separating interlacings were first stamped upon the tile itself and filled with clay and See also:

• MANGANESE (symbol Mn; atomic weight, 54.93 (0=16)], a metallic chemical element. Its dioxide (pyrolusite)

manganese; these being fired (thus forming a " dry cord " or line) formed shallow compartments which were in turn filled with coloured enamel, white being used for the interlacings themselves . The process was much in See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue in See also:

• ANDALUSIA, or ANDALUCIA

Andalusia and See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile until about 1550, when there arose the method de See also:

• CUENCA

cuenca in which the parts of the design to receive different coloured enamels were stamped, slightly concave (cuenca—a bowl or socket), their edges alone being See also:

• LEFT

left in relief . This process lasted until about the commencement of the 18th century . At Manises, Paterna and elsewhere in See also:

• VALENCIA
• VALENCIA, or VALENTIA

Valencia, soon after the middle of the 14th century there commenced an extensive See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of white enamelled tiles painted with designs in blue (more rarely in lustre and manganese) for wall and See also:

• PAVEMENT (Lat. pavimentu;n, a floor beaten or rammed hard, from pavire, to beat)

pavement decoration . This manufacture continued throughout the 15th century and produced some of the finest freehand tile designs that are known to-day . The motives included figure compositions, animals, See also:

• PLANTS

plants, coats of arms, &c., See also:

• DRAWN

drawn with great skill and facility .

Most of these tiles are to be found in old houses in the city and See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Valencia . In See also:

• CATALONIA (Cataluna)

Catalonia, in the 16th century, blue and white painted tiles were produced in imitation of those of Valencia . For the most highly finished of these stencils were employed to See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block out the designs . Polychrome painting upon tiles in the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian manner was introduced into Spain by Niculose Francisco of See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa, who settled at See also:

• SEVILLE
• SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)

Seville (1503—1508) and executed See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar-pieces and architectural details in tile work . This imported Italian style was much affected for armorial decoration . In the 16th and 17th centuries tiles of a coarse kind of See also:

• MAJOLICA

majolica were used for wall decoration in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Spain; some rich examples still exist in Seville . These were the work of Italian potters who had settled in Spain . 3 . See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

Floor Tiles.—After the development of painted and lustred tiles in Spain and Italy for the decoration of wall surfaces, they were also introduced, during the latter part of the 15th and the first part of the 16th centuries, as pavements, especially in the chapels of the famous cathedrals of those countries . Comparatively few examples of these pavements now exist, as the majolica enamel was too soft to stand the See also:

• WEAR

wear of the feet of worshippers . The earliest known pavement of this type is that in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of See also:

• SAN

San Giovannia Carbonara in See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, which is dated, approximately, 1440 . The tiles, square and hexagonal in shape, are coated with white enamel and are painted chiefly in dark blue, with touches of green and purple .

The See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum, the Louvre and other museums have secured See also:

• ODD (in middle English odde, from old Norwegian oddi, an angle of a triangle; the old Norwegian oddamann is used of the third man who gives a casting vote in a dispute)

odd examples of these tiles . It seems probable from the technical methods of the work that it was produced by a Spanish or even a Moorish See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . It is well known that Moorish tile-makers did travel both into Italy and into See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France to embellish the palaces of great nobles or the chapels See Coste, Monuments de la Perse (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1867).973 they founded . There is the well-known instance of the Moorish See also:

• POTTER, ALONZO (1800-1865)
• POTTER, HENRY CODMAN (1835–1908)
• POTTER, J
• POTTER, JOHN (c. 1674-1747)
• POTTER, PAUL (1625—1654)
• POTTER, PHILIP CIPRIANI HAMBLEY (1792—1871)

potter, See also:

• JEAN

Jean de See also:

• VALENCE

Valence, who, in 1384, was brought to France by Jean de See also:

• BERRY, CHARLES ALBERT (1852-1899)
• BERRY, CHARLES FERDINAND
• BERRY, JOHN, DUKE OF (1340-1416)
• BERRY, or BERRI

Berry to make tiles for the adornment of his ducal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace at See also:

• POITIERS

Poitiers . One of the most important of these early majolica pavements is that made for the See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

Convent of San Paulo at See also:

• PARMA

Parma, now in the museum of that See also:

• TOWN

town, which was probably laid down in 1482 . One of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south chapels in the church of S . Maria del Popolo in Rome has a very fine pavement of painted tiles, executed probably at Forli, about 1480, for See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal della Rovere (See also:

• JULIUS

Julius .II,), whose arms—an oak See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree—are repeated over and over again among the rich decorations . A still more magnificent tile floor, in the uppermost of See also:

• RAPHAEL (Hebrew smm, " God heals ")

Raphael's Vatican loggie, is mentioned in the article DELLA ROBBIA, where also are described the exquisite, enamelled tiles which Luca della Robbia made as a border for the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop Federighi at See also:

• FIESOLE (anc. Faesulae, q.v.)

Fiesole near See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence . Fine examples of tile pavements of 1486 exist in the basilica of S . Petronio at See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna . The See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel of St See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine at See also:

• SIENA

Siena and the church of S . Sebastiano at See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice have majolica pavements of about 1510 .

Fig . 6 shows an example of about this date from (Victoria and Albert Museum.) the See also:

• PETRUCCI, PANDOLFO (d. 1512)

Petrucci Palace in Siena, now in the Victoria and Albert Museum . In the early part of the 16th century majolica tiles from Spain were occasionally imported into England . At the south-east of the See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor's chapel at See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol there exists, though much worn, a fine pavement of Spanish tiles dating from about 1520 . Others have been found in London, at Newington Butts, and in other places . See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long before the southern nations of Europe were introducing their painted majolica tile pavements, a much more See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical type of flooring tile was in use in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, France and England; of these the See also:

• ENGLISH

English encaustic tile pavements, dating from the early years of the 13th century to the end of the 16th century, are particularly important and beautiful . These See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern peoples had no knowledge of enamels and colours such as was possessed by the contemporary tile-makers of Moorish Spain or of Italy, and they were confined to the native red-brick earths and white pipeclays for their materials . The method of decoration was as simple and homely as the materials . Slabs of ordinary red-brick clay freed from pebbles, but not from grit or See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, were shaped by pressing cakes of clay into a See also:

• MOULD

mould of wood or baked clay, carved in such See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion that when the clay was just hard and dry enough to be removed from the mould the important elements of the design were formed as sunk cells divided by broad raised outlines . While this red tile was still soft and plastic, a thickish See also:

• PASTE (O. Fr. paste, modern pate, Late Lat. pasta, whence also in Span., Port. and Ital., from Gr. 1r&vrrl or 1raara, barley porridge, or salted pottage, ir&ao'ety, to sprinkle with salt)

paste of pipeclay or other See also:

• LIGHT

light burning clay was poured into the cells and allowed to stiffen . When the whole had dried sufficiently the surface was scraped level, with a thin See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp See also:

• TOOL (0. Eng. tdl, generally referred to a root seen in the Goth. taujan, to make, or in the English word " taw," to work or dress leather)

tool, with the result that the tile appeared with a kind of cloisonnb design, the cloisons or boundaries of the cells being, of course, the upstanding ridges of the moulded red tile.' Over the surface of the tile finely powdered See also:

• GALENA

galena (native sulphide of lead) was freely dusted, and the whole was fired at one operation with the resulting production of a tile or tiles bearing a yellowish white pattern relieved against red or See also:

• CHOCOLATE

chocolate, and glazed with a natural lead glaze, which was much harder and better adapted to resist wear than the majolica glazes of Spain or Italy . The origin of this type of pavement tile is still obscure; one See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea is that they were a development of the Roman Mosaic pavement, for, in examples discovered at Fountains See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey and at See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

Prior Crauden's Chapel, See also:

• ELY
• ELY, RICHARD THEODORE (1854— )

Ely, in which the tiles'were of great variety of form and See also:

• SIZE

size, and, in-See also:

• STEAD, WILLIAM THOMAS (1849– )

stead of the patterns being wholly inlaid in the tiles themselves, the design is, to a large extent, produced by the outlines of the individual pieces, which, in the later examples, are cut to the forms required to be represented, including the subject of the " Temptation of See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam and See also:

• EVE

Eve," trees, lions, &c., the tesserae being also enriched with what may be more strictly called encaustic decoration .

The' more probable origin of this method of work seems, however, to be a development of the pavement tiles with simple incised designs which were made in the northern parts of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy, in the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine Valley and in See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders . Most interesting examples of these incised tiles are to be found in the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St Omer, which are known to be of the 12th century, and it seems impossible to resist the conclusion that such incised work forms the starting-point of the English encaustic tile-makers . A- similar piece of work exists in Canter-See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

bury Cathedral, where we have stone tiles engraved with pictorial designs, the sunk' parts being filled with a dark See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement—this pavement also belongs to the 12th century . Four styles of decoration' are found on medieval See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic tiles (1) incised or impressed, (2) raised, (3) inlaid, (4) slip-painted . It is to the third of these See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups—the inlaid—that the name of " encaustic " tiles, had been particularly given . The manufacture of medieval Gothic tiles was apparently the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret of certain religious houses in England, belonging either to the See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine or the Cistercian Orders . The earliest date at which we have tangible See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of the existence of this See also:

• ART

art is 1237, in which See also:

• YEAR

year it was ordered that the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's little chapel at See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster should be paved with " painted tile ": " mandatum est etc., quod Parvum capellam apud Westm. tegula picta decenter paveari faciatis," Rot . Claus . 22, See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry III . M . 19, A.U . 1237-38 .

In 184o the removal of a wooden floor in the See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house at Westminster, exposed to view a tile pavement in good preservation which, though it can hardly be the pavement in question, is evidently of contemporary manufacture . The finest and most See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic of these early English tiles were those found in See also:

• CHERTSEY

Chertsey Abbey in See also:

• SURREY
• SURREY, EARLDOM OF
• SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF (1518?-1547)

Surrey . They were found in a very fragmentary See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition on the Abbey site, but have been to a great extent' pieced together by Mr Shurlock . Practically all the tiles that have been recovered are now in the British Museum (a number of them were formerly in the architectural museum at Westminster) . They present a remarkable See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of illustrations from the English See also:

• ROMANCE

romance of See also:

• SIR

Sir Tristram and of events in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard Coeur-de-See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

Lion (see Hobson's See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue of English Pottery in the British Museum, pl. ii.) . Mention should also be made of the tile pavement discovered at the abbey of See also:

• HALESOWEN

Halesowen in south See also:

• STAFFORDSHIRE

Staffordshire . Many of these tiles are of very similar design to those of Chertsey, while some appear to have been made from the same moulds . From the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions it would appear that this pavement was laid down in the latter part of the r3th century . Combinations of tiles forming a See also:

• CROSS

cross were frequently used as 1 It is interesting to See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note the similarity of technique between the English encaustic tiles, and the' later methods of Hispano-Moorish work . The English filled their cells in the surface of the tiles with another clay; the Spanish-Moorish potters with coloured glaze.See also:

• MORTUARY (Med. Lat. mortuarium, from mortuus, dead)

mortuary slabs; an example is in See also:

• WORCESTER
• WORCESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• WORCESTER, JOHN TIPTOFT, EARL OF (1427—1470)
• WORCESTER, WILLIAM (c. 1415-c. 1482)

Worcester Cathedral in situ, whilst detached component tiles of similar slabs are to be found in other ancient churches . Encaustic tiles are almost exclusively used for pavements, but an interesting instance of their employment for wall decora• tion occurs in the Abbey Church of Great See also:

• MALVERN

Malvern, where these tiles have probably been originally used to form a See also:

• REREDOS (Anglo-Fr. areredos, from arere, behind, and dos, back)

reredos, and See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear designs representing Gothic See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture in See also:

• PERSPECTIVE (Lat. peespicere, to see through)

perspective, have introduced into them the sacred See also:

• MONOGRAM (from Late Lat. monogramma, in Late Gr. µovoypaµµov, from µovos, single, ypaµµa, letter)

monogram " I.H.S.," the crowned monogram of " Maria," the symbols of the See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

Passion, the Royal Arms and other devices . This example is also interesting as bearing the date of its manufacture on the margin " See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne R.R .

H.VI . XXXVJ.," that is the See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-See also:

• SIXTH

sixth year of the reign of Henry VI . (1457–1458) . Kilns for tile-burning have been found at Bawsey, near See also:

• LYNN

Lynn, See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk; Malvern, containing some 15th-century tiles; See also:

• REPTON

Repton; Farringdon See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street, London; and Great Saredon, in Staffordshire, with tiles of the 16th century . With the downfall of the monasteries in the reign of Henry VIII. the making of encaustic tiles in England appears to have come to an end, and for nearly two centuries See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign tiles were imported from Germany, the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands, Italy and Spain, or workmen from those countries must, have practised their art here . There are in evidence the well-known green glazed tiles in the British Museum which, if made in England at all, are obviously inspired by contemporary See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German work, and the tiles used in the house of Sir . See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon (c . 1509–1-579) are obviously the work of an Italian majolist, whether they were made in Italy or in England . Increasing intercourse with the Netherlands brought into this See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and, during the 17th century into the See also:

• AMERICAN

American colonies, the famous See also:

• DELFT

Delft tiles, painted either in blue, or in blue and manganese purple, on a See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin enamel ground like that of the contemporary Delft pottery . From the 16th century onwards every country in Europe continued to makes tiles by methods strictly analogous with their contemporary pottery (see CERAMICS) . Thus we have in Italy and Spain, throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, wall tiles in the style of the debased Italian majolica; in Germany a continuation of the ancient German See also:

• STOVE

stove tiles, either glazed with green, See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown or See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black glaze, or bearing painted designs in the crude colours characteristic of the contemporary German pottery; in France there were, first, the painted tile. pavements of Masseot Abaquesne of See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen (1542–1,557), and later the. decorative tiles produced at Rouen, See also:

• NEVERS

Nevers, See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles and elsewhere, always in the style of . the current pottery of the same centres; and painted tiles for the decoration of fireplaces and for use as wall panels formed a considerable part of the output of the Dutch factories . Wherever imitations of Delftware were made, in England, Germany or the north of France, the manufacture of similar tiles naturally followed; and at See also:

• LAMBETH

Lambeth, See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool and Bristol, the chief centres of this See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry in England, large quantities of tiles were made, especially during the 18th century .

The tiles produced at Lambeth and Bristol factories were invariably painted after the manner of their Dutch prototypes, but during the latter half of the 18th century Liverpool became famous for its printed tiles, in which designs, mostly in black, trans. ferred from engraved copper plates, took the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of hand painting . Fine examples bf all these 18th-century English tiles are to be found in the British Museum; the See also:

• GUILDHALL

Guildhall Museum; the Victoria and Albert Museum, London; and in the museums at Liverpool and Bristol . During the 17th and 18th centuries the old- painted and decorated pavement tiles seemed to have been entirely replaced by the common See also:

• BUFF (from Fr. bu.ffie, a buffalo)

buff or red terra-cotta " quarries " so largely used in farmhouse kitchens, dairies, &c., and it is to the painted tiles for walls and fireplaces that we have to look for the progress of the art . The modern revival of tile-making in Europe dates from about 183o, when See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• WRIGHT, CARROLL DAVIDSON (1840-1909)
• WRIGHT, CHAUNCEY (1830-1875)
• WRIGHT, JOSEPH (1734-1797)
• WRIGHT, SILAS (1795-1847)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1809–1884)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1810—1877)
• WRIGHT, WILLIAM ALDIS (1836– )

Wright, a potter of See also:

• SHELTON, THOMAS (fl. 1612-1620)

Shelton, near Stoke-upon-See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent, was granted a patent for the manufacture of tiles by See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical means . His patent was extended for fourteen years, and in 1844 was See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased, in equal shares, by See also:

• HERBERT (FAMILY)
• HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633)
• HERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM
• HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682)

Herbert Minton—See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the famous See also:

• FIRM

firm of Mintons, of Stokeupon-Trent—and See also:

• FLEMING, PAUL (1609-1640)
• FLEMING, RICHARD (d. 1431)
• FLEMING, SIR SANDFORD (1827- )
• FLEMING, SIR THOMAS (1S44-1613)

Fleming St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, of Worcester . In 1848 the firm of Mintons acquired the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole right of the patent, and kt-'e'4'_A Fm . 7.—A See also:

• PANEL (O. Fr. panel, mod. panneau, piece of cloth, from Med. Lat. pannellus, diminutive of pannus, cloth)

Panel of De See also:

• MORGAN
• MORGAN, DANIEL (1736-1802)
• MORGAN, EDWIN DENNISON (1811-1883)
• MORGAN, JOHN HUNT (1825-1864)
• MORGAN, JOHN PIERPONT (1837–1913)
• MORGAN, LEWIS HENRY (1818-1881)
• MORGAN, SYDNEY, LADY (c. 1783-1859)
• MORGAN, THOMAS (d. 1743)

Morgan's . for many years Mintons were the most famous tile manufacturers in the See also:

• WORLD

world . In 1850 the firm of, Maw & Co. purchased the remaining stock of encaustic tiles made at Worcester, and, on the expiration of Wright's patent, commenced to manufacture at the old See also:

• WORKS

works at Worcester, removing in 1851 to Benthall, Shropshire, and afterwards, about 1887, to their present works at Jackfield in the same district . From the methods thus invented in England all the modern processes of tile-making have sprung . In some cases they resemble the old " plastic " method of encaustic tile-making as it was practised in England in the middle ages, except that the tile is finally pressed in a mechanical See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press . The tile-makers of this See also:

• MID

mid-Victorian See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period owed much of their success to the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of modern Gothic architecture, and See also:

• UNITED

United States .

The manufacture of tiles by the See also:

• COMPRESSION

compression of powdered clay rendered possible the introduction of many varieties—See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, inlaid, embossed and incised . The designs in these cases, though generally based on old work, are so different, especially in mechanical finish, that they form a class of tiles entirely distinct from old work . Economically, and for all practical purposes, they afford a style such as the world has never before seen, but, like many modern productions—perfect in See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution and finish—they lack the spontaneity and 'artistic See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm of the work of bygone days . Since the middle of the 19th century artist-potters in many countries have gone hack to the ancient methods of production for richly painted tile panels, and, in this connexion, the productions of See also:

• DECK

Deck in France, See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William de Morgan and Pilkington's in England, See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark a distinct departure from contemporary modern work . The extended use of tiles for interior decoration has created a large See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in these articles, either for wall or floor decoration . Among the most important firms engaged in this See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the ceramic industry must be mentioned Mintons, Hollins & Co., Maw & Co., and Pilkington's in England; Villeroy & Boch in Germany; Utschneider & Co. in France; Boch Freres. in See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium; Thooft & Labouchere at Delft, See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland; and the American Encaustic Tile Co., in the United States .