See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

COUNT OF JOHANN TZERCLAES See also:

• COUNT OF JOHANN TZERCLAES TILLY (1559-1632)

TILLY (1559-1632)  , See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• LEAGUE

League in the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 1559 at the See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

chateau of See also:

• TILLY, JOHANN TZERCLAES, COUNT OF (1559-1632)

Tilly in See also:

• BRABANT
• BRABANT, NORTH

Brabant . He was destined for the priesthood and received a strict Jesuit See also:

• EDUCATION

education . But, preferring the career of a soldier, he entered a See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• FOOT

foot See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment about 1574 as a volunteer, and in the course of several See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to the command of a See also:

• COMPANY

company . This being reduced, he again became a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple pikeman, and as such he took See also:

• PART

part in the famous See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp by See also:

• PARMA

Parma, whose See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army afforded the best training in the See also:

• ART

art of war then obtain-able . He distinguished himself by his bravery, and the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine gave him the governorship of I)un and Villefranche, which he held from 1590 to 1504 . See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry IV. made tempting offers, which were refused, to induce him to enter the service of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . Somewhat later he See also:

• LEFT

left the . Spanish service for that of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria to fight against the See also:

• TURKS

Turks . In 1602 he became See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel in the imperial army, and raised a regiment of Walloon See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry, which he commanded in the See also:

• ASSAULT (from Lat. ad, to or on, and saltare, to leap)

assault on See also:

• BUDAPEST

Budapest, receiving a severe See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound . In 1604 he was made general of See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery, and handled his new force with conspicuous success; the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of this See also:

• YEAR

year showed Tilly as a soldier of See also:

• GREAT

great capacity, and in 1605 he was made a See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field-See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal . His part in the dissensions in Austria, which preluded the Thirty Years' War, was marked by unswerving See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty and devotion to the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor and the Catholic See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . In 16ro he left the service of the emperor to enter that of See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian, duke of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Catholic League .

It was not, however, until 162o that he became See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-general to Maximilian and See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the field forces . With the great victory of the Weisser See also:

• BERG (Ducatus Montensis)

Berg near See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague (161o) the new army and its See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader became celebrated through-out See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, and the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and weary campaigns against See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian, See also:

• MANSFELD

Mansfeld and the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant princes of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west established their reputation . The chief battles were Wimpfen (1622), Stadtlohn (1623), Wiesloch (1622), See also:

• HOCHST

Hochst (1622), the last being a great victory for the Catholic forces, and winning for Tilly the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count, which was given by the emperor himself (1622) . The military operations of the Thirty Years' War will be found described under that heading . With the intervention of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, the struggle entered upon a new phase, and on the imperial See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side a new army, that of See also:

• WALLENSTEIN (properly WALDSTEIN), ALBRECHT WENZEL EUSEBIUS VON

Wallenstein, appeared on the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene, though it was the army of the League which wun the great success of the war at Lutter-am-Barenberge (1626) . Throughout these arduous campaigns Tilly had other than military difficulties with which to contend . The military superiority of his veterans, trained as they were to his own ideal of " a ragged soldier and a See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright See also:

• MUSKET (Fr. mousquet, Ger. Muskete, &c.)

musket," may be held to explain his victories over See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, but the See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy which he displayed in the midst of See also:

• POLITICAL

political difficulties was not less conspicuous than his leadership and See also:

• STRATEGY

strategy . On two occasions, at least, he was thwarted by orders from the League; once the Protestants were allowed to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape into See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, once the army of Wallenstein was left to its own resources in the presence of the enemy . That the League achieved the successes which it actually did, was to the See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit of Tilly and his men rather than to any See also:

• ACTION

action of the allied princes . It may be that Tilly cannot be considered as great a soldier as Wallenstein; it should, however, be See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne in mind that the League army never possessed the See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige of an imperial force: that Tilly was repeatedly thwarted by political considerations, and that, even so, the hardest part of the task was achieved by the League army . The defeat of King Christian was soon followed by the intervention of Gustavus See also:

• ADOLPHUS, JOHN LEYCESTER (1795-1862)

Adolphus, a great See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain at the head of the finest troops in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . But Tilly was the best general of the old school; the League troops were trained after the Spanish See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model, and the opening stages of the campaign did not display any marked superiority of the Swedes .

At this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time Tilly was commander of the imperial forces as well as of his own army . The first great contest was for the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of See also:

• MAGDEBURG

Magdeburg (1631) . After one of the fiercest struggles of the war the See also:

• TOWN

town was taken by See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm on the loth of May, and the See also:

• SACK

sack which followed was accompanied with every sort of atrocity . For this the old general has been held responsible, yet it was rather the magnitude of the See also:

• CATASTROPHE (Gr. Karaurpoch, from KaraQrp4ecv, to over-turn)

catastrophe than its See also:

• SPECIAL

special cruelties which made it the most striking example of military barbarity in See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• HISTORY

history . Tilly's See also:

• PERSONAL

personal exertions saved the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral and other religious buildings from pillage and See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire . Four months later Tilly and Gustavus, the representatives of the old and the new art of war, met in the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• BREITENFELD

Breitenfeld (q.v.) . The victory of Gustavus was See also:

• COMPLETE

complete, though the imperial general, severely wounded as he was, managed to draw off his men in See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . A few more months of campaigning brought the two armies to the See also:

• LECH (Licus)

Lech, where Gustavus was again victorious, and Tilly received a mortal wound, He died on977 the 3oth of See also:

• APRIL

April 1632, in See also:

• INGOLSTADT

Ingolstadt, and was buried in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church at Altenotting in Bavaria . See O . See also:

• KLOPP, ONNO (1822–1903)

Klopp, Tilly See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im 3o jdhrigen Krieg (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1861); K . Wittich, Magdeburg, Gustav Adolf and Tilly; also memoir of Tilly in Allg. deutsche Biographie; Keym-Marcour, Johann Tzerclaes, See also:

• GRAF, ARTURO (1848– )
• GRAF, KARL HEINRICH (1815–1869)

Graf v . Tilly; Count Villermont, Tilly, ou La Guerre de trente ans (Tournay, 1859) .