See also:

• TIMOLEON (c. 411-337 B.C.)

TIMOLEON (c. 411-337 B.C.)  , of See also:

• CORINTH
• CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF

Corinth, See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek statesman and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general . As the See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of See also:

• GREECE

Greece against See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage he is closely connected with the See also:

• HISTORY

history of See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, especially See also:

• SYRACUSE
• SYRACUSE (Gr. Mvpaaovoat; Lat. Syracusae, Ital. Siracusa)

Syracuse (q.v.) . When his See also:

• BROTHER

brother Timophanes, whose See also:

• LIFE

life he had saved in See also:

• BATTLE

battle, took See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the See also:

• ACROPOLIS (Gr. aKpos, top, a6)Xts, city)

acropolis of Corinth and made himself See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, See also:

• TIMOLEON (c. 411-337 B.C.)

Timoleon, after an ineffectual protest, tacitly acquiesced while the See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends who accompanied him put Timophanes to See also:

• DEATH

death . Public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion approved his conduct as patriotic; but the curses of his See also:

• MOTHER

mother and the indignation of some of his kinsfolk drove him into retirement for twenty years . In 344 envoys came from Syracuse to Corinth, to See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to the mother-city for See also:

• RELIEF

relief from the See also:

• INTESTINE (Lat. intestinus, internal, usually in neuter plural intestina. from intus, within)

intestine feuds from which the Syracusans and all the Greeks of Sicily were suffering . Carthage too, their old and See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter foe, was intriguing with the See also:

• LOCAL

local despots . Corinth could not refuse help, though her See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief citizens declined the responsibility of attempting to establish a settled See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government in the factious and turbulent Syracuse . Timoleon, being named by an unknown See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice in the popular See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly, was chosen by a unanimous See also:

• VOTE

vote to undertake the See also:

• MISSION

mission, and set See also:

• SAIL

sail for Sicily with a few of the leading citizens of Corinth and a small See also:

• TROOP (an adaptation of Fr. troupe, O. Fr. trope; cf. Ital. troppa, troppa; Med. Lat. truppus; the origin is doubtful; suggestions have been made that it represents a German conception of Latin turba, crowd, or is an adaptation of Norw. tarp, flock)

troop of Greek mercenaries . He eluded a Carthaginian See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron and landed at Tauromenium (See also:

• TAORMINA (ancient Tauromenium)

Taormina), where he met with a friendly reception . At this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time Hicetas, See also:

• TYRANT (Gr. r6pavvos, master, ruler)

tyrant of See also:

• LEONTINI (mod. Lentini)

Leontini, was master of Syracuse, with the exception of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Ortygia, which was occupied by See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius, still nominally tyrant . Hicetas was defeated at Adranum, an inland See also:

• TOWN

town, and driven back to Syracuse . In 343 Dionysius surrendered Ortygia on See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of being granted a safe conduct to Corinth .

Hicetas now received help from Carthage (6o,0oo men), but See also:

• ILL

ill-success roused mutual suspicion; the Carthaginians abandoned Hicetas, who was besieged in Leontini, and compelled to surrender . Timoleon was thus master of Syracuse . He at once began the See also:

• WORK

work of restoration, bringing new settlers from the mother-city and from Greece generally, and establishing a popular government on the basis of the democratic See also:

• LAWS

laws of Diocles . The citadel was razed to the ground, and a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice erected on its site . The amphipolos, or See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest of Olympian See also:

• ZEUS

Zeus, who was annually chosen by See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot out of three clans, was invested with the chief magistracy . The impress of Timoleon's reforms seems to have lasted to the days of See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus . Hicetas again induced Carthage to send (340—339) a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army (70,000), which landed at Lilybaeum (See also:

• MARSALA

Marsala) . With a See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

levy of about 12,000 men,most of them mercenaries, Timoleon marched westwards across the island into the neighbourhood of See also:

• SELINUS (EeXsvoiis)

Selinus'and won a great and decisive victory on the Crimissus . The general himself led his See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry, and the enemy's discomfiture was completed by a See also:

• BLINDING

blinding See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm of See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain and See also:

• HAIL (O. Eng. kcegl and hagol, 1 cf. the cognate Teutonic hagel, as in German, Dutch, Swedish, &c.; the Gr. K&XX17E, pebble, is probably allied)

hail . This victory gave the Greeks of Sicily many years of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace and safety from Carthage . Carthage made, however, one more effort and despatched some mercenaries to prolong the conflict between Timoleon and the tyrants . But it ended (338) in the defeat of Hicetas, who was taken prisoner and put to death; by a treaty the dominion of Carthage in Sicily was confined to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the Halycus (Platani) .

Timoleon then retired into private life without assuming any See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title or See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, though he remained practically supreme, not only at Syracuse, but throughout the island . Not-withstanding the many elements of discord Sicily seems to have been during Timoleon's lifetime tranquil and contented . He became See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind some time before his death, but persisted • in attending the assembly and giving his opinion, which was usually accepted as a unanimous vote . He was buried at the cost of the citizens of Syracuse, who erected a See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument to his memory in their See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, afterwards surrounded with porticoes, and a gymnasium called Timoleonteum . Lives by See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch and See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius See also:

• NEPOS, CORNELIUS (c. 99–24 B.C.)
• NEPOS, JULIUS

Nepos; see also Diod . Sic. xvi . 65—9o; monograph by J . F . Arnoldt (185o), which contains an exhaustive examination of the authorities; also S1CILY: History; and SYRACUSE, with See also:

• WORKS

works quoted .