See also:

• TIROL (or TYROL 1)

TIROL (or TYROL 1)  , the most southerly See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire . It makes a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• BEND

bend southwards towards See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, by which it is bounded on the S.E., S. and S.W., while on the W. it adjoins See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland (till 1652 the See also:

• LOWER

Lower See also:

• ENGADINE (Ger. Engadin; Ital. Engadina; Ladin, Engiadina)

Engadine was Tirolese, and not Swiss) and also the Austrian province of Voralberg; to the N. it See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders on See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria and to the E. the province of Upper See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria . It is traversed from See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west to See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east by the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of the See also:

• ALPS

Alps, which rises in various See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-covered summits, the more important being the See also:

• ORTLER

Ortler (12,802 ft., the loftiest See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak in See also:

• TIROL (or TYROL 1)

Tirol and in the Eastern Alps generally), the Wildspitze (12,382 ft., Oetzthal See also:

• GROUP

group), the Zuckerhiitl (11,520 ft., Stubai group), the Hochfeiler (11,559 ft., Zillerthal group), the See also:

• GROSS

Gross Venediger (12,008 ft.) and the Gross Glockner (12,461 ft., both in the Tauern range), while more to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south are the See also:

• DOLOMITES, THE

Dolomites, which culminate in the Marmolata (10,972 ft.) . It is divided into two very distinct portions by the See also:

• BRENNER

Brenner Pass (4495 ft.), connecting the Stubai and the Zillerthal See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups; over this pass a splendid railway was built in 1864–1867 from See also:

• INNSBRUCK

Innsbruck to See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona, while the See also:

• HIGHWAY

highway over the pass has from the earliest times been of immense importance from every point of view . The Brenner, too, being on the main See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed of the Alps, separates the two main See also:

• RIVER

river systems of which Tirol is composed . To the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north this province comprises the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle portion of the See also:

• INN

Inn Valley, with its tributaries, as well as the upper portion of the See also:

• LECH (Licus)

Lech valley, all flowing towards the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube and so to the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, while south of the pass is the great upper valley of the See also:

• ADIGE (Ger. Etsch, anc. Athesis)

Adige or Etsch, with many tributaries, as well as (since 1500) a portion of the upper See also:

• DRAVE, or DRAVA (Ger. Drau, Hung. Drava, Lat. Dravus)

Drave valley, which physically belongs to See also:

• CARINTHIA (Ger. Kdrnten)

Carinthia—all these (See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the Drave) flow to the Adriatic Sea . The See also:

• AREA

area of Tirol is 10,204 sq. m . In 1900 its See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population was 852,712 (all but wholly Romanist), of whom more than See also:

• HALF

half were See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German-speaking, and many in the south See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian-speaking, while in certain See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side valleys of the Adige See also:

• SYSTEM

system the See also:

• QUAINT (O. Fr. cointe, from Lat. cognitus, known, probably influenced by association with Lat. corn plus, neat)

quaint old Ladin See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect, still surviving also in the Swiss Engadine, is the prevailing See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue; in. the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern half of the region there are a few German-speaking among the Italian-speaking folk . The See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital is Innsbruck, while other important towns are See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent, See also:

• BOTZEN, or BOZEN (Ital. Bolzano)

Botzen and See also:

• ROVERETO

Rovereto . The present very irregular shape of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district is due to See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical causes . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original Tirol consisted of part of the middle Inn valley and of the uppermost portion (the Vintschgau) of the Adige valley . In 1500, by See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance from the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of See also:

• GORZ (Ital. Gorizia ; Slovene, Gorica)

Gorz, the Pusterthal and upper Drave valley (east) were added; in 1505 the lower portion of the Zillerthal; with the Inn 1 To speak, as is commonly done, of " the Tirol " is as absurd as speaking of " the See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England." As regards the See also:

• ENGLISH

English spelling of the name adopted throughout the Ency .

Brit., it should, however, be stated that the writer of this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article regards " Tyrol " as more correct.—(ED.) valley from its entrance to Kufstein, and the Kitzbti.See also:

• HEL, or HELA

hel region (north-east) were all won from Bavaria; in 1517 Rovereto and several other places on the present south-eastern frontier were acquired from See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice; in 18o3 many fiefs in the bishoprics of Trent and See also:

• BRIXEN (Ital. Bressanone)

Brixen were annexed on the secularization of those two bishoprics; while finally the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the Zillerthal, with Windisch Matrei, was obtained in 1816 from the archbishopric of See also:

• SALZBURG

Salzburg . Besides the great railway See also:

• LINE

line over the Brenner, there are other lines from Botzen past See also:

• MERAN

Meran to Mals, from Franzensfeste up the Pusterthal to Lienz in the Drave valley, and from Innsbruck, by a See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

tunnel beneath the Arlberg Pass to the See also:

• VORARLBERG

Vorarlberg and the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine valley . The See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the population is devoted to See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral, and in some degree to agricultural pursuits, the See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, as in other Alpine lands, being the mainstay of the peasants . In summer they are driven up to the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain pastures (called here Almen, but Alpen in Switzerland), which are, however, less carefully looked after than in Switzerland, partly because in many cases they have been alienated by the neighbouring hamlets to far distant places . Forestry also employs a certain proportion of the population, but the See also:

• FELLING

felling of trees is carried on wastefully, though less so than in former years . A few minerals are found in the district, but in this See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department the saltworks of See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall, near Innsbruck, take the first See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . In southern Tirol, See also:

• SILK

silk-See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning is still one of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, while See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• LOCAL

local wines are produced near Meran and Botzen . There are also some factories of preserved fruits and See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco . But, save in the towns, Tirol is above all a pastoral See also:

• LAND

land . The peasants are famous for their devotion to the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, their fervent See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty to the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Austria, their excellent marksmanship, and their love of singing and See also:

• MUSIC

music, the See also:

• ZITHER (Ger. Zither, Schlagzither, Streichzither; Ital. cithara)

zither being the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument . There is a university at Innsbruck, but See also:

• PRIMARY

primary See also:

• EDUCATION

education, though compulsory, does not attain any very high degree of excellence, as in summer the See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools are closed, for all hands are then required in the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields or on the mountain pastures . The picturesque local costumes have nearly altogether disappeared, save in the Passeyerthal, near Meran, while the increasing crowds of summer visitors have largely spoilt the simplicity of the natives .

Ecclesiastically, Tirol is ruled by the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of Salzburg and his two suffragans, the bishops of Trent and of Brixen . The See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is divided into 21 administrative districts (Bezirke), each composed of a number of communes or See also:

• CIVIL

civil parishes . Tirol sends 25 representatives to the Austrian See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna . Locally it is ruled by an Imperial See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor (the Statthalter) who resides at Innsbruck, where, too, meets annually the local legislature or See also:

• DIET

Diet (the Landtag), composed (according to the constitution of 1861) of 68 members; the archbishop of Salzburg, the bishops of Trent and Brixen, and the See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector of the university of Innsbruck sit in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, while the great ecclesiastical corporations send four deputies, the See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce of Innsbruck, Trent and Rovereto each one, the nobles ten, the towns 13, and the peasants 34 . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—By far the greater portion of the region later called Tirol was inhabited, when it makes its See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance in history, by the Raetians (perhaps a See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic See also:

• RACE

race, though some still hold that they were connected with the Etruscans), who were conquered (14 B.c.) by See also:

• DRUSUS, MARCUS LIVIUS
• DRUSUS, NERO1 CLAUDIUS (38–9 B.C.)

Drusus and Tiberius, and were later organized into the Roman province of See also:

• RAETIA (so always in inscriptions; in classical MSS. usually RHAETIA)

Raetia . In the 5th and following centuries the north portion was Teutonized, first by the See also:

• OSTROGOTHS, or EAST GOTHS

Ostrogoths, mainly by the Baiouarii, but the See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic Langobardi who pressed up from the south became Romanized them-selves, so that the See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the inhabitants of the land appears quite See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early . In 774 the See also:

• CAROLINGIANS

Carolingians, conquered the Langobardi or See also:

• LOMBARDS, or LANGOBARDI

Lombards, and in 788 the Baiouarii . But the officials charged with the See also:

• RULE

rule of these parts gradually became semi-See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent, particularly the Bavarian See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes in the region north of Trent . Some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time after the break-up of that duchy in 976, the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad II. entrusted all temporal See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern region to the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Brixen, and in the southern portion to the bishop of Trent, detaching these southern districts from Italy (to which they had always belonged, save from 951 to 962, when the See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march of Verona was annexed to the duchy of Carinthia) and incorporating them with See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . The bishops, in their turn, had to exercise their temporal rights through See also:

• LAY

lay vassals, of whom the most powerful in the course of the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century were the lords of Andechs, near See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich . On the extinction of this See also:

• FAMILY

family in 1248, most of their fiefs were given by the two bishops to the See also:

• FATHER

father-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of the last See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of Andechs, See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of Tirol . This new family took its name from the still existing See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Tirol (Later Roman, Teriolis), above Meran, in the upper Adige valley, andis mentioned for the first time in 1140 .

Albert's See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder daughter,' See also:

• ADELAIDE
• ADELAIDE (Ger. Adelheid) (931-999)

Adelaide, married Meinhard, count of Gorz (north of See also:

• TRIESTE (Ger. Triest; Slay. Trst; the Roman Tergeste, q.v.)

Trieste) ; their elder son Meinhard (d . 1295) took Tirol, and the younger Gorz; but in 1500 the latter's line became See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct, and the elder line inherited its possessions . See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long before that time the See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the elder Iine had ended in See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret, nicknamed See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Maultasche (the See also:

• POCKET

Pocket-mouth), who, in 1342, married See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis of See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg (d . 1361), and whose only See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child Meinhard died in her lifetime in 1363; Tirol accordingly passed by agreement in the latter See also:

• YEAR

year of the junior branch of the elder line, the Habsburgers, dukes of Austria since 1282 . In this way Tirol came to the See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty which has ever since held it (save 1805-1814) . From that time onwards till 1665 Tirol was generally entrusted to a See also:

• CADET (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. capitettum, a diminutive of caput, head, through the Provencal form capdet)

cadet of the Austrian house, who ruled first at Meran, and from about 1420 at Innsbruck, as a nearly independent See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince; but since 1665 the province has been governed from Vienna . We have noted above the manner in which the limits of Tirol were gradually extended . Several of these additions were due to the See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

archduke See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian, who ruled Tirol from 1490 onwards, becoming emperor in 1493 and dying in 1519 . His memory is still cherished in the district, for he conferred on it the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Gefurstete Grafschaft, spent much time in it, and erected in the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of Innsbruck a sumptuous See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument as his See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb . Owing to its position astride of the Alps, and so commanding the road across them, Tirol has often been the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp fighting . In 1499 the Swiss won a victory in the Calven See also:

• GORGE

gorge (near the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Adige valley) against Maximilian, which resulted in the Swiss gaining their See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of the empire . In 1703 the Bavarians and See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, during the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

Succession, took Innsbruck, but were then driven back .

In 18o5, by the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• PRESSBURG (Hung. Pozsony, Lat. Posonium)

Pressburg, See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon forced Austria to See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand over Tirol to his ally, Bavaria, which held it till 1814 . On the outbreak cf war (1809) between See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and Bavaria, the See also:

• PEOPLE

people See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose in revolt . Their See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader was Andreas See also:

• HOFER, ANDREAS (1767-181o)

Hofer (b . 1767), a small innkeeper of the Passeyerthal, and under him the peasants repeatedly defeated the Bavarian, French and Saxon troops . Three times (See also:

• APRIL

April 13, May 29 and Aug . 13) did they drive the foe out of Innsbruck . On the 15th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, Hofer, yielding to the popular wish, assumed the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of Tirol . But in See also:

• OCTOBER

October the See also:

• ILL

ill-success of the Austrians against the French elsewhere forced them to conclude the peace of Vienna, by which Tirol was definitely secured to Bavaria . The peasants refused to believe in the See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• NEWS

news, and continued to resist the French, but were at last overpowered by See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers . The French occupied the Passeyerthal on the 23rd of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, and Hofer was obliged to seek shelter in a hut on the mountain pastures . Here he was betrayed by a See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour to the French (See also:

• JAN

Jan . 27, 181o), who took him See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive to See also:

• MANTUA (Ital. Mantova)

Mantua, where, by See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of Napoleon, he was shot (Feb .

20, 181o) for the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole offence of being loyal to his emperor and his native land . His bones now See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie in the great church at Innsbruck, side by side with those of his two chief supporters, the Capuchin See also:

• FRIAR (from the Lat. (rater, through the Fr. frere)

friar and See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army See also:

• CHAPLAIN

chaplain, See also:

• JOACHIM, JOSEPH (1831—1907)

Joachim Haspinger (d . 1858), and the See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant, See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph Speckbacher . See in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general vol. xiii., Tirol (Vienna, 1893), of the great See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• WORK

work entitled Die oesterreichisch-ungarische lbionarchie in Wort and Bild . The following more See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• WORKS

works may be consulted : A . Achleitner and E . Uhl, Tirol and Vorarlberg (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1895) ; J . See also:

• ALTON

Alton, Die ladinischen Idiomen in Ladinien, Groden, Fassa, Buchenstein, Ampezzo (Innsbruck, 1879) ; F . Arens, Das tiroler See also:

• VOLK, LEONARD WELLS (1828-1895)

Volk in semen Weisthumern (See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha, 1904) ; W . A . See also:

• BAILLIE, JOANNA (1762-1851)
• BAILLIE, LADY GRIZEL (1665-1746)
• BAILLIE, ROBERT (1602-1662)
• BAILLIE, ROBERT (d. 1684)

Baillie-Grohman, Tirol and the Tirolese (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1876), Gaddings with a See also:

• PRIMITIVE

Primitive People (2 vols., London, 1878), See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

Sport in the Alps (London, 1896), and The Land in the Mountains (1907) ; See also:

• MISS

Miss R . H .

See also:

• BUSK, GEORGE (1807—1886)

Busk, The Valleys of Tirol (London, 1874) ; E . H . See also:

• COMPTON, HENRY (1632-1713)

Compton and W . A . Baillie-Grohman, Tyrol (London, 1908) ; J . See also:

• EGGER

Egger, Geschichte Tirols (3 vols., Innsbruck, 1872–188o) ; J . See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert and G . C . See also:

• CHURCHILL (MISSINNIPPI or ENGLISH)
• CHURCHILL, CHARLES (1731-1764)
• CHURCHILL, LORD RANDOLPH HENRY SPENCER (1849-1895)

Churchill, The See also:

• DOLOMITE

Dolomite Mountains (London, 1864) ; Max Haushofer, Tirol (See also:

• BIELEFELD

Bielefeld and Leipzig, 1899) ; J . Hirn, Tirols Erhebung See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Jahre 1809 (Innsbruck, 1909) ; Alfons See also:

• HUBER, FRANCOIS (1750-1831)
• HUBER, JOHANN NEPOMUK (1830-1879)
• HUBER, LUDWIG FERDINAND (1764–1804)

Huber, Geschichte d . Vereinigung Tirols mit Oesterreich (Innsbruck, 1864) ; A . See also:

• JAGER, GUSTAV (1832– )

Jager, Geschichte d. landstandischen Verfassung von Tirol (3 vols., Innsbruck, 1882–1885) ; W .

D . McCrackan, The Tyrol (London, 1905) ; E . Oefele, Geschichte der Grafen von Andechs (Innsbruck, 1877) ; L . Purtscheller and H . See also:

• HESS
• HESS, HEINRICH HERMANN JOSEF, FREIHERR VON (1788-1870)

Hess, Der Hochtourist in den Ostalpen, 3rd ed., 3 vols . (Leipzig and Vienna, 1903) ; E . See also:

• RICHTER, ADRIAN LUDWIG (1803-1884)
• RICHTER, ERNST FRIEDRICH EDUARD (1808–1879)
• RICHTER, EUGEN (1839–1906)
• RICHTER, HANS (1843– )
• RICHTER, JEREMIAS BENJAMIN (1762–1807)
• RICHTER, JOHANN PAUL FRIEDRICH (1763–1825)

Richter Die Erschliessung der Ostalpen (3 vols., See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1893–1894); A . Schaubach, Deutsche Alpen (2nd ed., 5 vols., See also:

• JENA

Jena, 1865–1871); Chr . Schneller, Landeskunde von Tirol (Innsbruck, 1872) ; F . A . Sinnacher, Beitrage zur Geschichte der bischofl . Kirche Saben and Brixen (really a special territorial history of Tirol) (To vols., Brixen, 1821–1837); J .

Staffler, Tirol and Vorarlberg, (2 vols., Innsbruck, 1839–1846) ; A . Steinitzer, Geschichtliche and kulturgeschichtliche Wanderungen durch Tirol and Vorarlberg (Innsbruck, 1905); Th . Vernaleken, Alpensagen (largely Tirolese; Vienna, 1858); Beda See also:

• WEBER, CARL MARIA FRIEDRICH ERNEST VON (1786–1826)
• WEBER, WILHELM EDUARD (1804-1891)

Weber, Das Land Tirol (3 vols., Innsbruck, 1837–1838) ; See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin Wilckens, Die Alpenwirthschaft der Schweiz, See also:

• DES

des Algdu, and der westoesterreichischen Alpenlander (Vienna, 1874) ; I . V . See also:

• ZINGERLE, IGNAZ VICENZ (1825-1892)

Zingerle, Sagen, Marchen, and Gebrauche aus Tirol (Innsbruck, 1859) ; I . V . Zingerle and K . Th. von Inama-Sternegg, Die tirolischen Weisthumer (4 vols., Vienna, 1875=-1888) . (W . A . B .