atomic See also:

• WEIGHT

weight 48.1 See also:

• atomic weight 48.1 TITANIUM [symbol Ti (0 = 16)]

TITANIUM [See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol Ti (0 = 16)]  , a metallic chemical See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element . Its See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery as an element was due to See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Gregor in 1789 who found in the See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• ILMENITE

ilmenite or menachinite a new See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, which was regarded as the See also:

• OXIDE

oxide of a new See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal, menachin . Independently of him See also:

• KLAPROTH, HEINRICH JULIUS (1783-1835)
• KLAPROTH, MARTIN HEINRICH (1743-1817)

Klaproth in 1793 discovered a new metal in See also:

• RUTILE

rutile, and called it See also:

• TITANIUM [symbol Ti, atomic weight 48.1 (0 = 16)]

titanium; he subsequently found that it was identical with Gregor's element . Klaproth, however, was unable to prepare the pure oxide, which was first accomplished in 1821 by See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

Rose . The See also:

• ISOLATION

isolation of the pure metal is of much later date . Titanium, although See also:

• PRETTY

pretty widely diffused throughout the mineral See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, is not found in abundance . The commonest titanium mineral is rutile or titanium dioxide, TiO2; See also:

• ANATASE

anatase and See also:

• BROOKITE

brookite are crystalline allotropes . Titanium is most frequently found associated with See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron; ilmenite (Ger . Titan-eisen) is FeTiO3, perofskite (Ca,Fe)TiO3, and the metal occurs in most magnetic iron ores . The titanates are well marked in the mineral See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king-dom . Ilmenite is isomorphous with geikielite, MgTiO3, and pyrophanite, MnTiO3; many of the " rare minerals "—aeschynite, euxenite, polycrase, &c.—contain titanates (and also niobates) . Silicates also occur; See also:

• SPHENE

sphene or titanite, CaTiSiO5, is the commonest; keilhauite is rarer .

The isolation of metallic titanium is very difficult since it readily combines with See also:

• NITROGEN [symbol N., atomic weight 14.01, 0=16]

nitrogen (thus resembling See also:

• BORON (symbol B, atomic weight I I)

boron and See also:

• MAGNESIUM [symbol Mg, atomic weight 24.32 (0 = 16)]

magnesium) and See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon . In 1822 See also:

• WOLLASTON, WILLIAM (1659--1724)
• WOLLASTON, WILLIAM HYDE (1766-1828)

Wollaston examined a specimen of those beautiful See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper-like crystals which are occasionally met with in iron-See also:

• FURNACE

furnace slags, and declared them to be metallic titanium . This view had currency until 1849, when See also:

• WOHLER, FRIEDRICH (1800-1882)

Wohler showed that the crystals are a See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound, Ti(CN)2.3Ti3N2, of a See also:

• CYANIDE

cyanide and a nitride of the metal . An impure titanium was made by Wohler and Sainte-Claire Deville in 1857 by See also:

• HEATING

heating to redness fluotitanate of See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium (see below) in the vapour of See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium in an See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere of dry See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen, and extracting the alkaline fluoride formed by See also:

• WATER

water . The metal thus produced formed a dark See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown amorphous See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder resembling iron as obtained by the reduction of its oxide in hydrogen . In 1887 Nilson and Petersson (Zeit. phys . Chem . 1, p . 25) obtained a purer product by heating the chloride with sodium in a See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel See also:

• CYLINDER (Gr. KvAwSpos, from KvXivaety, to roll)

cylinder; it then formed yellow scales with a bluish See also:

• SURFACE

surface See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour . H . See also:

• MOISSAN, HENRI (1852-1907)

Moissan (See also:

• COMET (Gr. Koµieiis, long-haired)

Comet. rend., 1895, 120, p . 290) obtained a still purer metal by igniting the oxide with carbon in the electric furnace .

The product has a brilliant See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white fracture, a specific gravity of 4.87, very friable, but harder than See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz or steel . Moissan (ibid., 1906, 142, p . 673) has distilled this metal in a very intense electric furnace . When heated in See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air it See also:

• BURNS, JOHN (1858– )
• BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796)
• BURNS, SIR GEORGE

burns brilliantly with the formation of the oxide . It combines directly with the See also:

• HALOGENS

halogens, and dissolves in See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold dilute sulphuric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid, in hot strong hydrochloric acid and in aqua regia, but less readily in nitric acid . Its most curious See also:

• PROPERTY

property is the readiness with which it unites with nitrogen . Several nitrides have been de-scribed . Ti3N4 is a copper-coloured powder obtained by heating the ammonio-chloride TiC13.4NH3 in See also:

• AMMONIA (NH3)

ammonia . TiN2 is a dark See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue powder obtained when the oxide is ignited in an atmosphere of ammonia; while See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

TiN is obtained as a See also:

• BRONZE

bronze yellow See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass as hard as the See also:

• DIAMOND

diamond by heating the oxide ih an atmosphere of nitrogen in the electric furnace . In its chemical relations, titanium is generally tetravalent, and occurs in the same sub-See also:

• GROUP

group of the periodic See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification as See also:

• ZIRCONIUM

zirconium, See also:

• CERIUM (symbol Ce, atomic weight 140.25)

cerium and See also:

• THORIUM (symbol Th, atomic weight ,232.42 [0=16])

thorium . It forms several oxides, TiO2, Ti203 and TiO3 being the best known; others (some of doubtful existence) have been described from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time . Titanium iioxide, TiO2, occurs in nature as the three distinct mineral See also:

• SPECIES

species rutile, brookite and anatase .

Rutile assumes tetragonal forms isomorphous with cassiterite, SnO2 (and also See also:

• ZIRCON

zircon, ZrSiO4) ; anatase is also tetragonal, and brookite or thorhombic . Rutile is the most See also:

• STABLE

stable and anatase the least, a See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character reflected in the decrease in See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density from rutile (4.2) and brookite (4.0) to anatase (3.9) . The minerals are generally found together—a feature rarely met with in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of polymorphs . They have been obtained artificially by Hautefeuille by the interaction of titanium fluoride and See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam . At a red See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat rutile is produced, at the boiling point of See also:

• ZINC

zinc brookite, and of See also:

• CADMIUM (symbol Cd, atomic weight 112.4 (0=16))

cadmium anatase . It is apparent that these minerals all result in nature from pneumatolytic See also:

• ACTION

action . Amorphous titanium oxide may be obtained in a pure See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form by fusing the mineral, very finely powdered, with six times its See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of potassium bisulphate in a See also:

• PLATINUM [symbol Pt, atomic weight 145.0 (0=16)]

platinum crucible, then extracting the melt with cold water and boiling the filtered See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution for a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long time . Titanic oxide separates out as a white See also:

• HYDRATE

hydrate, which, however, is generally contaminated with ferric hydrate and often with tin oxide . A better method is Wohler's, in which the finely powdered mineral is fused with twice its weight of potassium carbonate in a platinum crucible, the melt powdered and treated in a platinum See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin with aqueous hydrofluoric acid . The alkaline titanate first produced is converted into crystalline fluotitanate, K2TiF6, which is with difficulty soluble and is extracted with hot water and filtered off . The filtrate, which may be collected in See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass vessels if an excess of hydrofluoric acid has been avoided, deposits the greater See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt on cooling . The crystals are collected, washed, pressed and recrystallized, whereby the impurities are easily removed .

The pure salt is dissolved in hot water and decomposed with ammonia to produce a slightly ammoniacal hydrated oxide; this, when ignited in platinum, leaves pure TiO2 in the form of brownish lumps, the specific gravity of which varies from 3:9 to 4.25, according to the temperature at which it was kept in igniting . The more intense the heat the denser the product . The oxide is fusible only in the oxy-hydrogen See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame . It is insoluble in all acids, except in hot concentrated sulphuric, when finely powdered . If the sulphuric acid solution be evaporated to dryness the See also:

• RESIDUE (through the French, from the Lat. residuum, a remainder, from residere, to remain)

residue, after cooling, dissolves in cold water . The solution, if boiled, deposits its titanic oxide as a hydrate called See also:

• META

meta-titanic acid, TiO(OH)2, because it differs in its properties from orthotitanic acid, Ti(OH)4, obtained by decomposing a solution of the chloride in cold water with alkalis . The ortho-See also:

• BODY

body dissolves in cold dilute acids; the meta-body does not . If titanic oxide be fused with excess of alkaline carbonate a titanate, R2TiO3, is formed . This salt is decomposed by -water with the formation of a solution of See also:

• ALKALI

alkali See also:

• FREE

free of titanium, and a residue of an acid titanate, which is insoluble in water but soluble in cold aqueous mineral acids . The titanates are very similar to the silicates in their tendency to assume complex forms, e.g. the potassium salts are K2TiO2.4H2O, K2Ti3Oi.3H2O and K2Ti6O13•2H2O . Titanium monoxide, TiO, is obtained as See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black prismatic crystals by heating the dioxide in the electric furnace, or with magnesium powder . Titanium sesquioxide, Ti2O3, is formed by heating the dioxide in hydrogen .

A hydrated form is prepared when a solution of titanic acid in hydrochloric acid is digested with copper, or when the trichloride is precipitated with alkalis . Titanium trioxide, TiOa, is obtained as a yellow precipitate by dropping the chloride into See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol, adding hydrogen peroxide, and finally ammonium carbonate or potash . When shaken with potash and air it undergoes autoxidation, hydrogen peroxide being formed first, which converts the trioxide into the dioxide and possibly pertitanic acid; this acid may contain sexavalent titanium (see W . Manchot and See also:

• RICHTER, ADRIAN LUDWIG (1803-1884)
• RICHTER, ERNST FRIEDRICH EDUARD (1808–1879)
• RICHTER, EUGEN (1839–1906)
• RICHTER, HANS (1843– )
• RICHTER, JEREMIAS BENJAMIN (1762–1807)
• RICHTER, JOHANN PAUL FRIEDRICH (1763–1825)

Richter, Ber., 1906, 39, pp . 320, 488, and also See also:

• FABER
• FABER (or LEFEVRE), JOHANN (1478-1541)
• FABER, BASIL (1520-c. 1576)
• FABER, FABRI
• FABER, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1814-1863)

Faber, Abst . Journ . Chem .