See also:

• TITMOUSE (O. Eng. mase and tytmase, Ger. Meise, Swed. mes, Du. mees, Fr. mesange)

TITMOUSE (O. Eng. mase and tytmase, Ger. Meise, Swed. See also:

• MES

mes, Du. mees, Fr. mesange)  , the name' See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long in use for several See also:

• SPECIES

species of small See also:

• ENGLISH

English birds, which are further distinguished from one another by some characteristic appellation . These go to make up the genus Parus of See also:

• LINNAEUS

Linnaeus, and with a large number of other genera See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the Passerine See also:

• FAMILY

family Paridae . Titmice are usually non-migratory, and the genus Parus occupies most of the globe except See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America and the Australian region See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of See also:

• LOMBOK (called by the natives Sasak)

Lombok and See also:

• FLORES

Flores . The prefix " tit " by heedless writers often used alone, though equally proper to the titlark (see See also:

• PIPIT (cognate with the Lat. Pipio; see PIGEON)

PIPIT), is perhaps cognate with the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek TLTir, which originally meant a small chirping See also:

• BIRD

bird (See also:

• ANN

Ann . Nat . Hist., 4th See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, vol. x. p . 227), and has a diminutive form in the Icelandic Titlingur—the English or at least Scottish titling . It is by false See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy that the plural of See also:

• TITMOUSE (O. Eng. mase and tytmase, Ger. Meise, Swed. mes, Du. mees, Fr. mesange)

titmouse is made titmice; it should be titmouses . A See also:

• NICKNAME

nickname is very often added, as with many other See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar English birds. and in this See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case it is " tom." Among the more See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• EUROPEAN

European and English forms the first to be mentioned is that called, from its comparatively large See also:

• SIZE

size, the See also:

• GREAT

great titmouse, P. See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major, but known also in many parts as the oxeye,2 conspicuous by its See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white cheeks and yellow See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast, down which runs a black See also:

• LINE

line while in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring the See also:

• COCK, EDWARD (1805-1892)

cock makes himself heard by a loud love-See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note that resembles the See also:

• NOISE (a word of doubtful origin; O. Fr. nogse or nose; Prov. nausa, which points to Lat. nausea, sickness, as the origin; others take Lat. noxia, harm, as the source)

noise made in sharpening a saw . It is widely distributed throughout the See also:

• BRITISH

British Islands and over nearly the whole of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• ASIA

Asia . The next is the See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue titmouse, bluecap or See also:

• NUN (O. Eng. nunne, from Lat. nonnus, nonna, familiar terms for an old man or woman)

nun, P. coeruleus, smaller than the last and more common . Its names are so characteristic as to make any description needless .

A third common species, but not so numerous as either of the foregoing, is the See also:

• COAL

coal-titmouse, P. ater, distinguished by its black cap, white cheeks and white nape . Some See also:

• INTEREST

interest attaches to this species because of the difference observable between the See also:

• RACE

race inhabiting the scanty remnants of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Scottish forests and that which occurs throughout the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . The former is more brightly tinted than the latter, having a clear bluish-See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey See also:

• MANTLE

mantle and the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• PART

part of the back greenish, hardly either of which See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours are to be seen in the same parts of more See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern examples, which last have been described as forming a distinct species, P. See also:

• BRITANNICUS

britannicus . But it is to be observed that the denizens of the old Scotch See also:

• FIR

fir-See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods are nearly midway in coloration between the dingy southern birds and those which prevail over the greater part of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of Europe . It would therefore seem unreasonable to speak of two species only: there should be either three or one, and the latter alternative is to be preferred, provided the existence of the See also:

• LOCAL

local races be duly recognized . Much the same thing is to be noticed in the next species to be mentioned, the See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

marsh-titmouse, P. palustris, which, sombre as is its plumage, is subject to considerable local variation in its very extensive range, and has been called P. borealis in Scandinavia, P. alpestris in the See also:

• ALPS

Alps, and P. lugubris in south-eastern Europe, to say nothing of forms like P. baicalensis, P. camchatkensis and others, whose names denote its local See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations in northern Asia, while no great violence is exercised if to these be tacked on P. atricapilla, with several See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical races which inhabit See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North America . A fifth British species is the rare crested titmouse, P. cristatus, only found in limited districts in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, though common enough, especially in See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine-woods, in many parts of Europe . In addition to species of Parus, North America possesses two See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar genera of tits—Psaltriparus and Auriparus . During the greater part of the See also:

• YEAR

year the various species of the genus Parus See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate in family parties and only break up into pairs at the beginning of the breeding See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season . The nests are nearly always placed in a hollow stump, and consist of a See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of See also:

• MOSS

moss, feathers and See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, the last being worked almost into a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt . Thereon the eggs, often to the number of eight or nine, are laid, and these have a translucent white See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell, freckled or spotted with See also:

• RUST (O.E. rust, a word which appears in -many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. roest, Ger. rost); in origin it is allied with " ruddy " and " red," the reddish-brown powdery substance which forms on the surface of iron or steel exposed to atmospheric corrosio

rust See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour . The first plumage of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young closely resembles that of the parents; but, so far as is known, it has always a yellower tinge, very apparent on the parts, if there be such, which in the adult are white .

Few birds are more restless in disposition . Most of the European species and some of the North See also:

• AMERICAN

American become familiar, haunting the neighbourhood of houses, especially in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, and readily availing themselves of such scraps of foed, about the nature of which they are not particular, as they can gets By gardeners every titmouse is generally regarded as an enemy, for it is supposed to do See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite damage to the buds of See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit-trees and bushes; but the See also:

• ACCUSATION (Lat. accusatio, accusare, to challenge to a causa, a suit or trial at law)

accusation is wholly false, for the buds destroyed are always found to be those to which a See also:

• GRUB

grub—the bird's real See also:

• OBJECT

object—has got See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access, so that there can be little doubt that the titmouse is a great benefactor to the horticulturist . Akin to the genus Parus, but in many respects differing from it, is Acredula, containing that curious-looking bird the long-tailed or See also:

• BOTTLE (Fr. bouteille, from a diminutive of the Lat. butta, a flask; cf. Eng. " butt ")

bottle titmouse, with many local races or species . The bird itself, having its tail longer than its See also:

• BODY

body, is unlike any other found in the northern hemisphere, while its See also:

• NEST

nest is a perfect marvel of construction, being in shape nearly See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval, with a small hole in one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . The exterior is studded with pieces of See also:

• LICHEN (lichen ruber)

lichen, worked into a See also:

• FIRM

firm texture of moss, See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool and See also:

• SPIDERS

spiders' nests, and the inside is profusely lined with soft feathers—2379 having been, says Macgillvray, counted in one example . Not inferior in beauty or ingenuity is the nest built by the penduline titmouse, Aegithalus pendulinus, of the south of Europe, which differs, however, not merely in See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition, but in being suspended to a bough, while the former is nearly always placed between two or more branches . The so-called bearded titmouse, Panurus biarmicus, has habits wholly unlike those of any of the foregoing, and is now placed in 2 The signification of this name is obscure . It may perhaps be . correlated with a See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish name for the bird—Talgoxe . 3 Persons fond of watching the habits of birds may with little trouble provide a pleasing spectacle by adopting the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan, practised by the See also:

• LATE

late A . E . See also:

• KNOX, HENRY (1750-1806)
• KNOX, JOHN (c. 1505–1572)
• KNOX, PHILANDER CHASE (1853– )

Knox, of See also:

• HANGING

hanging a lump of See also:

• SUET (M. Eng. sewet, a diminutive of O. Fr. seu, suis, mod. suif, lard, from Lat. sebum, or sebum, tallow, grease, probably allied to sago, soap)

suet or See also:

• TALLOW (M.E. talugh, talg, cf. Du. talk, L. Ger. talg ; the connexion with O.E. taelg, dye, or Goth, tulgus, firm, is doubtful)

tallow by a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• STRING

string to the end of a flexible See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

rod See also:

• STUCK, FRANZ (1863— )

stuck aslant into the ground See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the window of a sitting-See also:

• ROOM

room . It is seldom long before a titmouse of some kind finds the dainty, and once found visits are made to it until every morsel is picked off .

The attitudes of the birds as they cling to the swinging lure are very diverting, and none but a titmouse can succeed in keeping a foothold upon it . a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate Passerine family—Panuridae . It was formerly found in many parts of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, especially in the eastern counties, where it See also:

• BORE

bore the name of See also:

• REED
• REED, ANDREW (1787-1862)
• REED, ISAAC (1742—1807)
• REED, JOSEPH (1741—1785)
• REED, THOMAS BRACKETT (1839—1902)

reed-See also:

• PHEASANT

pheasant;' but through the draining of See also:

• MERES, FRANCIS (1565-1647)

meres, the destruction of reed-beds, and the rapacity of collectors it now exists in few localities . It is a beautiful little bird, of a See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright tawny colour, variegated with black and white, while the cock is further distinguished by a bluish grey head and a black tuft of feathers on each side of the See also:

• CHIN

chin . Its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food seems to be reed-seeds and the smaller kinds of fresh-See also:

• WATER

water molluscs, which it finds among the reed-beds it seldom quits . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• AFFINITIES

affinities of the Paridae seem to See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie rather with the Sittidae (see See also:

• NUTHATCH

NUTHATCH) and the See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree-creepers . (A .