See also:

• TODLEBEN (or TOTLEBEN), FRANZ EDUARD IVANOVICH, COUNT (1818-1884)

TODLEBEN (or TOTLEBEN), See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

FRANZ EDUARD IVANOVICH, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

COUNT (1818-1884)  , See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian engineer See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Mittau in See also:

• COURLAND, or KURLAND

Courland, on the 2oth of May 1818 . His parents were of See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German descent, and of the See also:

• MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

mercantile class, and he himself was intended for See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, but a strong See also:

• INSTINCT

instinct led him to seek the career of a military engineer . He entered the school of See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers at St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, and passed into the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in 1836 . In 1848 and the two following years he was employed, as See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain of engineers, in the See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns against Schamyl in the See also:

• CAUCASUS

Caucasus . On the outbreak of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war between See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia and See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey in 1853, he served in the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• SILISTRIA (Bulgarian Silistra)

Silistria, and after the siege was raised was transferred to the See also:

• CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)

Crimea (see See also:

• CRIMEAN

CRIMEAN WAR) . See also:

• SEVASTOPOL, or SEBASTOPOL

Sevastopol, while strongly fortified toward the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, was almost unprotected on the See also:

• LAND

land See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . See also:

• TODLEBEN (or TOTLEBEN), FRANZ EDUARD IVANOVICH, COUNT (1818-1884)

Todleben, though still a junior See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field officer, became the animating See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius of the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence . By his See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice the See also:

• FLEET

fleet was sunk, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to See also:

• BLOCKADE
• BLOCKADE (Fr. blocus, Ger. Blokade)

blockade the mouth of the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, and the deficiency of fortifications on the land side was made See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good before the See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies could take See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of it . The construction of earthworks and redoubts was carried on with extreme rapidity, and to these was transferred, in See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PART

part, the See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery that had belonged to the fleet . It was in the ceaseless improvisation of defensive See also:

• WORKS

works and offensive counterworks to meet every changing phase of the enemy's attack that Todleben's See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and originality showed itself . He never commanded a large army in the open field, nor was he the creator of a great permanent See also:

• SYSTEM

system of defence like See also:

• VAUBAN

Vauban . But he may justly be called the originator of the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea that a fortress is to be considered, not as a walled See also:

• TOWN

town but as an entrenched position, intimately connected with the offensive and defensive capacities of an army and as susceptible of alteration as the formation of troops in See also:

• BATTLE

battle or manoeuvre .

Until the 2oth of See also:

• JUNE

June 1855 he conducted the operations of defence at Sevastopol in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person; he was then wounded in the See also:

• FOOT

foot, and at the operations which immediately preceded the fall of the fortress he was not See also:

• PRESENT

present . In the course of the siege he had risen from the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel to that of lieutenant-general, and had also been made aide-de-See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp to the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar . When he recovered he was employed in strengthening the fortifications at the mouth of the See also:

• DNIEPER

Dnieper, and also those of Cronstadt . In 1856 he visited See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, where his merits were well understood . In 1860 he was appointed assistant to the See also:

• GRAND

grand-See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas, and he became subsequently See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of engineers with the full rank of general . He was given no command when war with Turkey began in 1877 . It was not until after the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early reverses before See also:

• PLEVNA (Bulgarian Pleven)

Plevna (q.v.) that the soldier of Sevastopol was called to the front . Todleben saw that it would be necessary to draw works See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round See also:

• OSMAN (1832-1900)
• OSMAN (`UsMAN)

Osman See also:

• PASHA

Pasha, and cut him off from communication with the other See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish commanders . In due See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time Plevna See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell . Todleben then undertook the siege of the Bulgarian fortresses . After the conclusion of preliminaries of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, he was placed in command of the whole Russian army . When the war was over he became See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• ODESSA

Odessa and hereditary See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count .

But his 'See also:

• HEALTH

health was broken, though for some time after 188o he held the See also:

• POST

post of governor of See also:

• VILNA, or WILN0
• VILNA, or WILNO

Vilna, and after much suffering he died at See also:

• BAD, BCD

Bad See also:

• SODEN
• SODEN, HERMANN, FREIHERR VON (1852- )

Soden near See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort-on-See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

Main, on the 1st of See also:

• JULY

July 1884 . His great See also:

• WORK

work on the defence of Sevastopol appeared in Russian, See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and German (5 vols . 1864-1872) . Besides this, he wrote a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to General See also:

• BRIALMONT, HENRI ALEXIS (1821-1903)

Brialmont on the operations around Plevna; this was printed in the Russian engineer See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal, and in German in the Archie See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur preussische Artillerie-offiziere (1878) . See Brialmont, Le General See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte Todleben (See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, 1884) ; See also:

• RIEGER, PHILIPP FRIEDRICK VON (1818-1903)

Rieger, " Todleben u. seines Wirkens Bedeutung fur See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Kriegskunst der Zukunft " (in Mittheilungen fiber Gegenstande See also:

• DES

des Artillerie- and Geniewesens, See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, 1885) ; Witzleben, in Internationale Revue uber die gesammten Armeen and Flotten (1879); See also:

• SCHRODER
• SCHRODER, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG (1744-1816)
• SCHRODER, SOPHIE (1781-1868)

Schroder, in Archiv fur Artillerie- and Ingenieur-Offiziere (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1888) ; See also:

• LIFE

Life by Schilder (in Russian, St Petersburg, 1885–1887) ; Krahmer, General-See also:

• ADJUTANT (from Lat. adjutare, to aid)

Adjutant See also:

• GRAF, ARTURO (1848– )
• GRAF, KARL HEINRICH (1815–1869)

Graf Todleben (Berlin, 1888) .