See also:

• TOKYO (or TOKIO, formerly called Yedo)

TOKYO (or TOKIO, formerly called Yedo)  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire of See also:

• JAPAN

Japan, situated in 350 41' N. and 139 45' E., at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• BAY

bay of the same name on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city stands on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the See also:

• RIVER

river Sumida, which, although See also:

• PRETTY

pretty wide, is unnavigable by vessels •of large See also:

• TONNAGE

tonnage owing to its shallowness . See also:

• YOKOHAMA

Yokohama, with which See also:

• TOKYO (or TOKIO, formerly called Yedo)

Tokyo is connected by 18 m. of railway, is practically the See also:

• PORT

port of the capital . Tokyo is the centre from which several See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways radiate . The trains of the Tokai-do See also:

• LINE

line, starting from the Shimbashi station, run westwards to Kobe, thence to Shimonoseki, at the western end of the main island, a distance of 700 M . The Uyeno station is the starting-point for trains to Aomori, a See also:

• TOWN

town 46o m. away, at the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern extremity of the island . In 1907 a central station was designed to be built south of the imperial See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is mild and healthy, and for the greater See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• YEAR

year very pleasant, the seasons of See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring and autumn being more especially delightful . The See also:

• AREA

area of Tokyo is about 3o sq. m . Topographically it may be divided into two parts, upland and See also:

• LOWLAND

lowland (Yamanote and Shitamachi) . There are hills varying in height from 5o to 130 ft. in the upland See also:

• DISTRICT

district; that is to say, the outskirts of the city from See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north to See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west . Lowland Tokyo, that part of the city covering the flats on both sides of the river Sumida, is intersected by a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of canals .

The See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges over the Sumida, and those which span the canals, have always been distinctive features of Tokyo . The Nihon-bashi (See also:

• BRIDGE

Bridge of Japan), in the district of the same name, is by far the most famous . It is the point from which all distances in Japan are measured . The largest bridges are those named Azuma, Umaya, Ryogoku, Shin-o and Eitai over the Sumida . The streets were formerly narrow and irregular, but the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal thoroughfares have been widened under the See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street Improvement See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of 1888 . Electric tramcars run throughout the city carrying passengers at a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform See also:

• RATE

rate of a sen, which means that it is possible to travel some io in. for one See also:

• PENNY (Mid. Eng. peni or peny, from O. Eng. form penig, earlier penning and pending; the word appears in Ger. Pfennig and Du. penning; it has been connected with Du. pand, Ger. Pfand, and Eng. " pawn,". the word meaning a little pledge or token, or with G
• PENNY, GIANFRANCESCO (1488–1528)

penny . The jinrikisha, See also:

• DRAWN

drawn by one See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man or sometimes two men, which were formerly the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief means of passenger See also:

• CONVEYANCE

conveyance, have notably decreased in number since the introduction of the trams . Tokyo has often experienced earthquakes, and more than once has suffered from severe shocks, which have hitherto prevented the erection of very large buildings . The numerous residences of the daimyos were the chief characteristics of the old town, especially in the Kojimachi-ku . Many of these have been demolished and See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government offices erected on their sites; others have given See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to new streets and houses . Nearly in the centre of Kojimachi-ku, on an See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence, surrounded by moats, stood the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Yedo, formerly the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the shoguns, which was burnt down in 1873 . The imperial palace was subsequently erected on this site .

The palace is See also:

• HALF

half See also:

• EUROPEAN

European and half See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese in its See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture . The Niju-bashi is the main entrance . To the east and south of the palace the neighbourhood has undergone See also:

• GREAT

great changes in See also:

• MODERN

modern times . It was here, at the Sakurada See also:

• GATE

Gate, that Ii Kamon-no-Kami, See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of the See also:

• SHOGUN (Japanese for " generalissimo ")

shogun's government, was assassinated by the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign party in 1860 . On the site of his residence a little higher up to the right of the gate now stand the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office and the offices of the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff . In another street, leading from the gate, are the foreign office, the supreme See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, the See also:

• LOCAL

local court and the departments of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice and the See also:

• NAVY

navy . The temporary buildings of the Imperial See also:

• DIET

Diet, which first met in 1890, are also in this part of the capital . Adjoining the above-named buildings is the Hibiya See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park, modelled on the European style, while retaining the See also:

• SPECIAL

special features of the Japanese gardeners' See also:

• ART

art . The parks have always afforded to the See also:

• PEOPLE

people their chief means of recrea,See also:

• ION

ion . The largest and most beautiful are those in Shiba and Uyeno, formerly the mausolea of the shoguns . In Uyeno, too, are the Imperial Museum, the Imperial Library and the Zoological Gardens . The famous See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of Kwannon, the goddess of See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy, is in the Asakusa Park, in which a permanent See also:

• FAIR

fair is held; it is a great See also:

• HOLIDAY

holiday resort of the citizens .

In Kudanzaka Park is the Yasukuni Temple, popularly known by the name of Shokonsha, and consecrated to the See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits of departed heroes who See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in war . In the same ground is a museum of arms, containing trophies of the See also:

• WARS

wars with See also:

• CHINA

China and See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia . See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration.—For administrative purposes Tokyo is divided into fifteen districts or Ku, of which Kojimachi, Hongo, Koishikawa, Ushigome, Yotsuya, Akasaka, Azabu and Shiba are situated in the upland portion, while Kanda, Kiobashi, Nihonbashi, Shitaya, Asakusa, Honjo and Fukagawa are in the lowland . Suburban Tokyo is divided into eight districts or See also:

• GUN

Gun, which, with the city proper, collectively See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the Tokyo-Fu (prefecture), under thegeneral See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of one See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor called Fu-Chiji . Questions affecting the interests of the whole Fu come before the Fu-kwai, or prefectural See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly, made up of representatives from both Ku and Gun, and a prefectural See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, of which the governor is See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president ; while matters concerning the city alone are discussed by a Shi-kwai, or municipal assembly, and administered by a municipal council, of which the Shicho or See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor is president . There is a See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply worked by the See also:

• MUNICIPALITY

municipality . The See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir at Yodobashi is capable of supplying water (from the river Tama) to all parts at a pressure varying from 8o to 100 ft . Hydrants are fixed in all the streets for the use of the See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade, which has a well disciplined and efficient personnel, and does not lack opportunities for the See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition of its skill in a town built largely of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood . The See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police force is another well-trained and successful service . Both police and fire brigade are under the command of a single Keishi-sokan (inspector-general) . The postal arrangements are very satisfactory, frequent deliveries being made with the utmost despatch . The See also:

• TELEPHONE (Gr. rjXs, far, and dxwvr7, voice)

telephone system is extensive. including See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-distance wires to Yokohama, See also:

• OSAKA

Osaka and other large towns .

A See also:

• COMPLETE

complete and successful system of See also:

• EDUCATION

education exists . There are many See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools for advanced students devoted to the various branches of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, See also:

• MECHANICS

mechanics and art . The imperial university of Tokyo, which consists of the colleges of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine, literature, science, See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering and See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, is the principal institution of learning in the empire . There are several daily See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers as well as weekly and monthly publications of all kinds . In the lowland part of the city and in the suburbs there are many factories, their number having so much increased in See also:

• RECENT

recent years that Tokyo may now be described as an See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial town . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population.—There are no reliable data as to the population of Yedo during the shogunate . Owing to the influx caused by the periodical visits of the daimyos (feudal lords) with their numerous attendants, it probably exceeded 11 million during the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early part of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The population was 857,780 in 1880; 1,207,341 in 1890; 1,339,726 in 1895; 1,497,565 in 1900, and 1,969,833 in 1905 . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—No mention is made of Tokyo in Japanese history before the end of the 12th century . It appears to have assumed no importance till about 1457, when Ota Dokwan, a general in the service of Uyesugi Sadamasa, governor of Kamakura, built a castle here . About See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years later the town fell into the hands of Hojo of Odawara, and on his overthrow by Hideyoshi and Iyeyasu, the castle was granted to the latter, who was the founder of the shogun See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• TOKUGAWA

Tokugawa . In 1590 Iyeyasu made his formal entry into the castle of Yedo, the extent of which he greatly enlarged .

From this date the real importance of Yedo began . The See also:

• FAMILY

family of the Tokugawas furnished the shoguns (or tycoons) of Japan for nearly three See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years, and these resided during that See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period at Yedo . At the restoration in 1868 the shogunate was abolished, and the population of Yedo speedily decreased . A fresh vitality was imparted by the See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer of the court from See also:

• KIOTO (Kyoto)

Kioto, and the town then received its See also:

• PRESENT

present name Tokyo (eastern capital) . (G .