See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN [christened See also:

• JANUS

JANUS JuN1us] See also:

• JOHN [christened JANUS JuN1us] TOLAND (1670-1722)

TOLAND (1670-1722)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English deist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 3oth of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1670, near See also:

• LONDONDERRY
• LONDONDERRY, CHARLES WILLIAM STEWART (VANE), 3RD MARQUESS
• LONDONDERRY, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• LONDONDERRY, or DERRY
• LONDONDERRY, ROBERT STEWART, 2ND MARQUESS OF (1769-1822)

Londonderry, See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland . Brought up a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic, in his sixteenth See also:

• YEAR

year he became a zealous See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant . In 1687 he entered See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow University, and in 1690 was created M.A. by the university of See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh . He then spent a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in some Protestant families in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, and with their assistance went to See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden University, to qualify for the dissenting See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry . He spent about two years studying ecclesiastical See also:

• HISTORY

history, chiefly under the famous See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich Spanheim . He then went to See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford (1694), where he acquired a reputation for See also:

• GREAT

great learning and " little See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion," although at the time he professed to be a decided See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian . While at Oxford he began the See also:

• BOOK

book which made him famous—his See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity not Mysterious (1696, See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous; 2nd ed. in the same year, with his name; 3rd ed., 1702, including an See also:

• APOLOGY (from Gr. &aoXoyia, defence)

Apology for Mr . See also:

• TOLAND, JOHN [christened JANUS JuN1us] (1670-1722)

Toland) . It gave great offence, and several replies were immediately published . The author was prosecuted by the See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• JURY

jury of See also:

• MIDDLESEX
• MIDDLESEX, LIONEL CRANFIELD, 1ST EARL OF (1575-1645)

Middlesex; and, when he attempted to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle in See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin at the beginning of 1697, he was denounced from the See also:

• PULPIT (from Lat. pulpitum, a staging, platform: equivalents are Fr. chaire d'eglise, Ital. pulpito, Ger. Kanzel)

pulpit and elsewhere . His book having been condemned by the Irish See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament (See also:

• SEPT

Sept . 9, 1697) and an See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order issued for his See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest, Toland fled to England .

The resemblance, both in See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title and in principles, of his book to See also:

• LOCKE, GOTTFRIED CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1791–1855)
• LOCKE, JOHN (1632-1704)
• LOCKE, MATTHEW (c. 1630-1677)

Locke's Reasonableness of Christianity, led to a prompt disavowal on Locke's See also:

• PART

part of the supposed identity of opinions, and subsequently to the famous controversy between See also:

• STILLINGFLEET, EDWARD (1635—1699)

Stillingfleet and the philosopher . Toland's next See also:

• WORK

work of importance was his See also:

• LIFE

Life of See also:

• MILTON
• MILTON, JOHN (1608–1674)

Milton (1698), in which a reference to " the numerous supposititious pieces under the name of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ and His apostles and other great persons," provoked the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge that he had called in question the genuineness of the New Testament writings . Toland re-plied in his Amyntor, or a See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

Defence of Milton's Life (1699), to which he added a remarkable See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of what are now called apocryphal New Testament writings . In his remarks he really opened up the great question of the history of the See also:

• CANON

canon . The next year his Amyntor and Christianity not Mysterious were under discussion in both houses of See also:

• CONVOCATION
• CONVOCATION (Lat. convocatio, a calling together)

Convocation, and the Upper See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House declined to proceed against the author . In 1701 Toland spent a few See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks at See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover as secretary to the See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy of the See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• MACCLESFIELD
• MACCLESFIELD, CHARLES GERARD, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1618-1694)

Macclesfield, and was received with favour by the electress See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia in See also:

• ACKNOWLEDGMENT (from the old acknow, a compound of on- and know, to know by the senses, which passed through the forms oknow, aknow and acknow; acknowledge is formed on analogy of " knowledge ")

acknowledgment of his book Anglia Libera, a defence of the Hanoverian See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession . On his return from the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

Continent he published Vindicius Liberius (1702), a defence of him-self and of the bishops for not prosecuting him . In this he apologized for Christianity not Mysterious, as a youthful indiscretion, and declared his conformity to the doctrines of the established See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . The next year he visited Hanover and See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, and was again graciously received by the electress and her daughter Sophia See also:

• CHARLOTTE

Charlotte, See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, the " See also:

• SERENA, or LA SERENA

Serena" of the Letters published on his return to England (1704) . In two of these (A See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

Letter to a See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

Gentleman in See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, and See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

Motion essential to See also:

• MATTER

Matter), ostensibly an attack on See also:

• SPINOZA, BARUCH (1632-1677)

Spinoza, he anticipated some of the speculations of See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• MATERIALISM (from Lat. materia, matter)

materialism . The See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

Account of the Courts of Prussia and Hanover (1705) was used by See also:

• CARLYLE, ALEXANDER (1722-1805)
• CARLYLE, JOSEPH DACRE (1759-18o4)
• CARLYLE, THOMAS (1795-1881)

Carlyle in his Life of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick the Great . From 1707 to 1710 Toland lived in varying circumstances on the Continent .

In 1709 he published (at the See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague) Adeisidaemon and Origines Judaicae, in which, amongst other things, he maintained that the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews were originally Egyptians, and that the true See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

Mosaic institutions perished with See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses . After his return to England, he lived chiefly in See also:

• LONDON

London and latterly in Putney, subsisting precariously upon the earnings of his See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen and the benevolence of his patrons . His See also:

• LITERARY

literary projects were numerous (see See also:

• MOSHEIM, JOHANN LORENZ VON (c. 1694-1755)

Mosheim's Vita); his warm Irish nature appears in his projected history of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic religion and his chivalrous advocacy of the See also:

• NATURALIZATION

naturalization of the Jews . The last of his theological See also:

• WORKS

works were Nazarenus, or Jewish, See also:

• GENTILE
• GENTILE, C

Gentile and Mahometan Christianity (1718), and Tetradymus (1720), a collection of essays on various subjects, in the first of which (Hodegus) he set the example, subsequently followed by See also:

• REIMARUS, HERMANN SAMUEL (1694-1768)

Reimarus and the rationalistic school in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, of interpreting the Old Testament miracles by the naturalistic method, maintaining, for instance, that the See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

pillar of See also:

• CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

cloud and the See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire of See also:

• EXODUS, BOOK OF
• EXODUS, THE

Exodus was a transported See also:

• SIGNAL

signal-fire . His last and most offensive book was his Pantheisticon (1720) . He died on the trth of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March, 1721-1722, as he had lived, in great poverty, in the midst of his books, with his pen in his See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . Just before his See also:

• DEATH

death he composed an See also:

• EPITAPH (Gr. it oa¢cos, sc. X/yos, from bri, upon, and ra¢os, a tomb)

epitaph on himself, in which he claimed to have been " Veritatis propugnator, libertatis assertor." The words Ipse vero aeternum est resurrecturus, at idem futurusTolandus nunquam " seem to indicate his adherence to the pantheistic creed expounded in the Pantheisticon . Toland is generally classed with the deists, but at the time when he wrote Christianity not Mysterious he was decidedly opposed to See also:

• DEISM (Lat. dens, god)

deism . The See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design of the work was to show, by an See also:

• APPEAL

appeal mainly to the tribunal of Scripture, that there are no facts or doctrines of the " See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel," or the " Scriptures," or " Christian See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation," which, when revealed, are not perfectly See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, intelligible and reasonable, being neither contrary to See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason nor incomprehensible.to it . It was intended to be the first of three discourses, in the second of which he was to See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt a particular and rational explanation of the reputed mysteries of the gospel, and in the third a demonstration of the verity of Divine revelation against atheists and all enemies of revealed religion . After his Christianity not Mysterious and his Amyntor, Toland's Nazarenus was of See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief importance, as calling See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the right of the See also:

• EBIONITES (Heb. ei3'; t, " poor men ")

Ebionites to a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early church, though it altogether failed to establish his See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument or to put the question in the true See also:

• LIGHT

light . His Pantheisticon, sive See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula celebrandae sodalitatis socraticae, of which he printed a few copies for private circulation only, gave great offence as a sort of liturgicservice made up of passages from See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen authors, in See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of the Church of England See also:

• LITURGY (Low Lat. liturgia; Gr. X€Zros, public, and Epyov, work; )Aetrovpy6s, a public servant)

liturgy .

The title also was in those days alarming, and still more so the See also:

• MYSTERY (Gr. µw(Trilpcov, from tcuvrm, an initiate, µfew, to shut the mouth)

mystery which the author threw See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the question how far such See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies of pantheists actually existed . See Mosheim's Vindiciae antiquae christianorum disciilinae (1722), containing the most exhaustive account of Toland s life and writings; a Life of Toland (1722), by " one of his most intimate See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends "; See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Mr See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Toland," by See also:

• DES

Des Maizeaux, prefixed to The See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

Miscellaneous Works of Mr John Toland (London, 1747) ; John See also:

• LELAND (LEYLAND Or LAYLONDE), JOHN (c. 1506-1552)
• LELAND, CHARLES GODFREY (1824-1903)
• LELAND, JOHN (1691–1766)

Leland's View of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

Principal Deistical Writers (last ed . 1837) ; G . V . See also:

• LECHLER, GOTTHARD VICTOR (1811–1888)

Lechler's Geschichte des englischen Deismus (1841); See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac Disraeli's Calamities of Authors (new ed., 1881) ; See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article on " The English Freethinkers " in Theological See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, No . 5 (November, 1864) ; J . See also:

• HUNT, ALFRED WILLIAM (183o-1896)
• HUNT, HENRY (1i73-1835)
• HUNT, HENRY JACKSON (1819-1889)
• HUNT, JAMES HENRY LEIGH (1784-1859)
• HUNT, ROBERT (1807-1887)
• HUNT, THOMAS STERRY (1826-1892)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HENRY (1790—1864)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN (1827-1910)
• HUNT, WILLIAM MORRIS (1824-1879)

Hunt, in Contemporary Review, No . 6, See also:

• JUNE

June 1868, and his Religious Thought in England (1870-1873) ; See also:

• LESLIE
• LESLIE, CHARLES (1650-1722)
• LESLIE, CHARLES ROBERT (1794–1859)
• LESLIE, FRED [FREDERICK HOBSON] (1855–1892)
• LESLIE, SIR JOHN (1766-1832)
• LESLIE, THOMAS EDWARD CLIFFE (1827-1882)

Leslie See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen's History of English Thought in the Eighteenth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

Century, vol. i . (1881), and article in See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary of See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

Biography; J . See also:

• CAIRNS
• CAIRNS, HUGH MC CALMONT CAIRNS, 1ST EARL (1819-1885)
• CAIRNS, JOHN (1818–1892)

Cairns's Unbelief in the Eighteenth Century (1881) . On Toland's relation to the subsequent See also:

• TUBINGEN

Tubingen school, as presented in his Nazarenus, see D . See also:

• PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707)
• PATRICK, ST

Patrick in Theological Review, No .

59 (See also:

• OCTOBER

October, 1877) ; and on his relation to materialism, F . A . See also:

• LANGE, ANNE FRANCOISE ELIZABETH (1772—1816)
• LANGE, ERNST PHILIPP KARL (1813—1899)
• LANGE, FRIEDRICH ALBERT (1828—1875)
• LANGE, JOHANN PETER (1802-1884)

Lange's Geschichte des Materialismus (Eng. trans. by E . C . See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas, 1877), and also G . Berthold, John Toland and der Monismus der Gegenwart (1876) .