See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

COUNT JOHAN KRISTOFFER See also:

• TOLL (etymologically, that which is numbered or counted; from a common Teutonic form, cf. " tale," " tell ")
• COUNT JOHAN KRISTOFFER TOLL (1743-1817)

TOLL (1743-1817)  , See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish statesman and soldier, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Mollerod in Scania . See also:

• TOLL (etymologically, that which is numbered or counted; from a common Teutonic form, cf. " tale," " tell ")
• TOLL, JOHAN KRISTOFFER, COUNT (1743-1817)

Toll came of a very See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• FAMILY

family, of Dutch origin, which can be traced back to the 13th, but migrated to the Baltic provinces in the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Toll's See also:

• FATHER

father was one of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles XII.'s warriors, his See also:

• MOTHER

mother a descendant of the aristocratic Gyellenstjernas . In his youth Johan Kristoffer served in the Seven Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, and then, exchanging the military for the See also:

• CIVIL

civil service, became See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head See also:

• RANGER, HENRY WARD (1858– )

ranger of the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• KRISTIANSTAD (CHRISTIANSTAD)

Kristianstad . During the riksdag of 1771-1772 the dominant "Caps" deprived him of his See also:

• POST

post, and Toll, shrewdly guessing that the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king was preparing a revolution, almost forced his services on the conspirators, Goran See also:

• MAGNUS, HEINRICH GUSTAV (1802-1870)

Magnus See also:

• SPRENGTPORTEN, GORAN MAGNUS, COUNT (1740-1819)
• SPRENGTPORTEN, JAKOB MAGNUS (1727—1786)

Sprengtporten (q.v.) declaring that a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man who knew so much of their most See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret plans must either" be killed or squared." To Toll was assigned by far the most difficult See also:

• PART

part of the enterprise . It was his business to secure the important See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern fortress of Kristianstad . Two days after the See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation, on the 31st of May 1772, he set forth from See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm with twenty-two pounds wherewith to corrupt a See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison and revolt a See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province . He had no sort of See also:

• CREDENTIALS (lettres de creance)

credentials, and the little that was known about him locally from the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official point of view was not to his See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit . Finally, in the fortress itself there was but one man known to be a safe royalist, namely, See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham Hellichius . On the 21st of See also:

• JUNE

June Toll reached Kristianstad . By sheer See also:

• BLUFF (a word of uncertain origin; possibly connected with an obsolete Dutch word, blaf, broad)

bluff Toll first won over Hellichius, and, six See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks later (See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 12), the whole garrison of Kristianstad, arresting the few See also:

• OFFICERS

officers who proved recalcitrant; taking See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the records and military See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest, and closing the See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates in the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the " Cap " high See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner who had been warned by the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Gooderich, that some-thing was afoot in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south . Seven days later Gustavus III.'s coup d'etat at Stockholm completed the revolution .

Toll was liberally rewarded and more and more frequently employed as his See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius as an See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator and his blameless integrity came to See also:

• LIGHT

light . His reforms in the See also:

• COMMISSARIAT

commissariat See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department were See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch-making, and the See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior mobility of the Swedish forces under Gustavus III. was due entirely to his initiative . But it was upon Toll's boundless audacity that Gustavus chiefly relied . Thus as Gustavus, under the pressure of circumstances, inclined more and more towards See also:

• ABSOLUTISM

absolutism, it was upon Toll that he principally leant . In 1783 Toll was placed at the head of the secret " See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

Commission of See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

Defence " which ruled See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden during the king's See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence abroad without the privity of the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate . It was he who persuaded the king to summon the riksdag of 1786, which, however, he failed to See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control, and in all Gustavus's plans for forcing on a war with See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia Toll was initiated from the first . In 1786 he had already risen to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general and was Gustavus's See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• ADJUTANT (from Lat. adjutare, to aid)

adjutant . It was against Toll's See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice, however, that Gustavus, in 1788, began the war with Russia . Toil had always insisted that, in such a contingency, Sweden should be militarily as well as diplomatically prepared, but this was far from being the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case . Nevertheless, when the inevitable first disasters happened, Toll was, most unjustly, made a scapegoat, but the later successes of the war were largely due to his care and See also:

• DILIGENCE

diligence as See also:

• COMMISSARY (from Med. Lat. commissaries, one to whom a charge or trust is committed)

commissary-general . After the See also:

• DEATH

death of Gustavus III . Toll was for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time war minister and See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief in Scania and, subsequently, was sent as See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador to See also:

• WARSAW
• WARSAW (Polish Warszawa, Ger. Warschau, Fr. Varsovie)

Warsaw .

Unjustly involved in the so-called " See also:

• ARMFELT, GUSTAF MAURITZ, COUNT (1757–1814)

Armfelt See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy," he was condemned to two years' imprisonment; but was fully reinstated when in 1796 Gustavus IV. attained his See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority . At the riksdag of See also:

• NORRKOPING

Norrkoping, 1800, he was elected See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal of the See also:

• DIET

Diet, and led the royalist party with consummate ability . On this occasion he forced the mutinous riddarhus to accept the detested " See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union and See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

Security" by threatening to reveal the names of all the persons suspected of complicity in the See also:

• MURDER

murder of the See also:

• LATE

late king . Subsequently he displayed See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic adroitness in his negotiations with the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers concerning Sweden's participation in the war against See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon . In the Pomeranian See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1807 Toll assisted in the defence of See also:

• STRALSUND

Stralsund . The fortress was compelled to surrender on the 20th of August by Marshal See also:

• BRUNE, GUILLAUME MARIE ANNE (1763-1815)

Brune, whereupon the Swedish See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of 13,000 men, which had retired to Rifgen, seemed irretrievably lost . It was saved by Toll, who cajoled the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French marshal into a See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention whereby the Swedish army, with all its munitions of war, was permitted to return unmolested to Sweden (See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 7) . For this exploit Toll received his marshal's See also:

• BATON (Fr. baton, baston, from Late Lat. basto, a stick or staff)

baton . It was in the See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp of Toll, then acting commander-in-chief in Scania, that Gustavus IV. was about to take See also:

• REFUGE

refuge when the western army rebelled against him, but he was arrested in the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital before he could do so . Toll retained his high position under Bernadotte, who, in 1814, created him a See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count . He died unmarried . See R .

Nisbet See also:

• BAIN, ALEXANDER (1818-1903)
• BAIN, ANDREW GEDDES (1797-1864)

Bain, Gustavus III. and his Contemporaries (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1895) ; K . N . Liliekrona, Fdltmarskalken Grefve J . K . Toll (Stockholm, 1849-1850) . (R . N .