See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

LEO See also:

• LEO TOLSTOY (1828-1910)
• TOLSTOY, PETR ANDREEVICH, COUNT (1645–1729)

TOLSTOY (1828-1910)  , See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian novelist and social reformer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 9th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September (See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 28) 1828, in the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of his fathers—Yasnaya Polyana, near Toula—a large See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house (not the See also:

• PRESENT

present one) built in a severely formal See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, with Doric pillars and architraves, See also:

• STANDING

standing solitarily in a typical Russian landscape . The See also:

• TOLSTOY, LEO (1828-1910)
• TOLSTOY, PETR ANDREEVICH, COUNT (1645–1729)

Tolstoy See also:

• FAMILY

family, to whom it had belonged for several generations, was originally of See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German extraction, and had settled in See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia in the days of See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter the See also:

• GREAT

Great . The first ancestor of distinction was Petr Andreevich Tolstoy (q.v.) . His descendant See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas (the See also:

• FATHER

father of the great author) was born in 1797 . After serving for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army he retired in 1824, and led the See also:

• LIFE

life of a Russian See also:

• BOYAR (Russ. boyarin, plur. boyare)

boyar . By his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with the princess Maria Volkonsky, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Nicholas in a great measure rebuilt the family. fortunes, which had fallen into decay during the two previous decades . Count See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo Tolstoy was the youngest but one of the five See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of this marriage, and lost his See also:

• MOTHER

mother when he was barely three years old . Six years later his father died also, at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of See also:

• FORTY

forty-one . As a See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child, Tolstoy, though observant and thoughtful, showed no marked See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent . He was See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain and very sensitive on the point, suffering keenly for want of See also:

• NOTICE

notice and See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection . This sensitiveness led him as he See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew older to hide himself away from his playmates and spend See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours in lonely brooding . He describes in Childhood how, one See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, it dawned suddenly upon his mind that See also:

• DEATH

Death was ever lying in wait, and that to be happy one must enjoy the present, unconcerned with Childhood. the future .

Whereupon the youthful Epicurean flung aside his books and pencils, and, stretched on his See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed, See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to munching sweetmeats and See also:

• READING

reading romances . But Tolstoy's childhood was not without its See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of wholesome See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure . See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

Hunting and See also:

• SHOOTING

shooting, the delight of the Russian See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble, occupied much of his father's leisure, and from his earliest years the boy was wont to accompany his See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent . At other times he was quite happy sitting beside his father's coachman on an expedition to one of the neighbouring towns, or with his See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers See also:

• RUNNING

running in and out of the stables and See also:

• COACH (through the Fr. coche, originally from the Magyar kocsi, an adjective from the Hungarian place named Kocs, between Raab and Buda, i.e. the sort of vehicle used there in the 15th century)

coach-houses . The tedium of the schoolroom and the reproofs of his See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor made a See also:

• REVERSE

reverse See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side to the picture, but did not prevent this fund of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early memories from being, as he writes, " ever to be treasured, and fondled again and again, serving as a well-See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring from which to draw my choicest treasures." After his father's death at See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow, in 1837, Tolstoy and his brothers were placed under the See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian-See also:

• SHIP

ship of his aunt, the countess Osten-Sacken, and in the care of Mme Ergolskaya, a distant relative . The former died, however, in 1840, and the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge devolved on another aunt, Mme Jushkov, who lived in Kazan . Mme Jushkov was a typical Russian See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady of her class . Keeping open house, fond of gaiety and society, her ideas on moral questions were liberal in the extreme . Tolstoy was eleven years old when he became subject to her See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence—an influence which he subsequently regarded as having been the reverse of beneficial . A See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French tutor was engaged for him and his brothers, See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to their entrance into the university of Kazan . Outside the hours of study Tolstoy spent his days either in solitary rambles, during which he reflected on the problems of life, or in violent exercise at the gymnasium (the only See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of athletics enjoyed by boys of his position in Russia) . Thus the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical and philosophical impulses of his nature were See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in equal measure, and these two conflicting forces began their lifelong See also:

• DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

duel .

Only in later years has the philosopher sometimes seemed to outweigh the See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of See also:

• ACTION

action in Tolstoy's vigorous See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality . In 1843, at the age of fifteen, he entered the university of Kazan, and gained with his See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college cap and See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform what he At Coitege. prized most, his See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence . The lax See also:

• RULE

rule of the university—which was of no high scholastic repute, giving ready admittance to the sons of the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich and noble—enabled him at the same time to enter the See also:

• WORLD

world of society and study its complex problems at leisure . Kazan was in those days a real See also:

• PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)

paradise for such as sought happiness in social excitement, dining and dancing . No See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city in Russia was so given up to the pursuit of pleasure . Among these scenes of luxury and See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence the students played a prominent See also:

• PART

part . Amid such influences the boy soon ripened into the man . The See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of balls, picnics and parties wearied and disgusted him . The pages of Youth are eloquent of deadly ennui . He is for ever seeking " Her," engaged in an undefined " pursuit of the Well-beloved," with a See also:

• HALF

half spiritual, half physical longing . At intervals in this quest of the unknown he devoured the novelists of his day, chiefly See also:

• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE
• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE [" DUMAS FILS"] (1824-1895)
• DUMAS, GUILLAUME MATHIEU, COUNT (1753-1837)
• DUMAS, JEAN BAPTISTE ANDRE (1800-1884)

Dumas and See also:

• EUGENE

Eugene See also:

• SUE, EUGENE [JosEPH MARIE] (1804—1857)

Sue . He already thought deeply on the See also:

• OBJECT

object of existence; forming new ideals, aspiring to noble deeds, seeing himself in See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination now a passionate See also:

• LOVER, SAMUEL (1797-1868)

lover, now a See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of men .

He was always trying to be See also:

• ORIGINAL

original, and to tread unbeaten tracks . Partly in consequence of this feeling, he determined to enter the school of Eastern See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages . His first See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was unsuccessful, but finally passing in through the See also:

• MEDIUM

medium of a supplemental examination, he took up Arabic and See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish . These studies, however, proved uncongenial to his versatile nature, and failing to distinguish himself in them, he turned his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention in 1845 to the school of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . Here he met with equal discouragement . The professors—all Germans, and many of them not knowing enough Russian to make themselves understood—were favourite butts for the students' wit . There was practically no serious teaching, nor any See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• INTEREST

interest shown in the pupils . Tolstoy's evil See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius had once more See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast him in stony places and See also:

• LEFT

left him to See also:

• WORK

work out his own salvation . See also:

• HISTORY

History, See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion and law now claimed his attention in his final efforts to gain the university diploma . In religion his opinions had undergone a great See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change . From the child's unthinking acquiescence in a hereditary faith had sprung See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute unbelief . History he held a useless form of knowledge .

" Of what avail," he said, " to know what happened a thousand years ago ? " Hence he neglected the lectures on these subjects, absented himself from the See also:

• EXAMINATIONS

examinations, was confined in the university See also:

• GAOL, or JAIL

gaol for irregular attendance, and ended by coming out but moderately well in the yearly examination . The conviction that he was wasting his time forced itself upon him . An idle, dissipated life had told upon his See also:

• HEALTH

health, and early in 1847 Tolstoy asked permission to go down, " on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of See also:

• ILL

ill health and private reasons." Thus ended his college life, which from an educational point of view he had treated as a jest . Somewhat of an See also:

• ENIGMA (Gr. aTvcyµa)

enigma as he was to his companions, with his alternate fits of feverish gaiety and See also:

• MELANCHOLY (Gr. µe)tayXotia, from µEtas, black, and Xotii, bile)

melancholy See also:

• ABSTRACTION (Lat. abs and trahere)

abstraction, aristocratic hauteur and liberal views, there was yet found a little See also:

• BAND

band of students to accompany him on the first See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of his See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey homewards . While probably admiring the original See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent of his mind, they little dreamed their See also:

• LATE

late comrade would one day be acclaimed as Russia's greatest thinker and novelist . - Tolstoy went back to his estates with fresh See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope and See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy, determined to ameliorate the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of his peasantry and fulfil The the duties of a landlord . Rumours had reached Youthful him at Kazan from time to time of the recurring Reformer, famines, revolts and miseries of the See also:

• SERFS, SERROS

serfs . In 1847, as often before, the crops failed to suffice for the needs of thestarving See also:

• PEOPLE

people, and whole districts set forth to See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar for See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food . Here was a vital problem requiring prompt See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution . In the course of desultory reading at the university he had studied the writings of See also:

• JEAN

Jean Jacques See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau, and the Frenchman's plea for Nature, honest work and simplicity of life, had impressed him greatly . Fired with See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm, he now entered See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart and soul on the task of realizing this ideal .

Unfortunately, he was as yet without sufficient moral stamina to withstand recurring disappointments and to combat the suspicions of the serfs . The youthful reformer lacked the See also:

• PATIENCE

patience necessary to See also:

• DEAL

deal with the deep-rooted mistrust engendered by years of oppression and neglect . After six months of struggle with this discouraging See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of things he temporarily gave up the attempt, and we find him in St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg taking up for a time the broken threads of his See also:

• EDUCATION

education . But with the restlessness of transition strong upon him he soon returned to country life, and in See also:

• COMPANY

company with his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• SERGIUS, ST

Sergius gave himself up to hunting, gambling, carousing with Zigani dancers, and throwing all serious thoughts to the winds . The Landlord's See also:

• MORNING

Morning may be taken as a picture of this stage of Tolstoy's life . The inevitable reaction soon came . Op-pressed by debts and difficulties, in the spring of 1851 he betook himself to the See also:

• CAUCASUS

Caucasus, where his eldest brother Nicholas was stationed with his See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment . At See also:

• PYATIGORSK

Pyatigorsk, at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the mountains, he rented a cottage for about twelve shillings a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month, and lived there with the utmost frugality . Finally his brother's persuasions, aided by the influence of relations in high places, led him to enter the army . He passed the necessary examination at See also:

• TIFLIS

Tiflis, and Enters the joined the See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery in the autumn of the See also:

• YEAR

year . Army . At that time Russia was much disturbed by the lawlessness of the Caucasian races .

Bands of Circassians were constantly on the move, plundering and looting . The punitive expeditions in which Tolstoy took part were his first See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste of warfare . Neither his military duties nor his love of See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport entirely absorbed him, however . The great See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power which had hitherto lain dormant now awoke . He began to write, and within the next few years produced some of his finest See also:

• WORKS

works . Nekrassov, the editor of the Russian Contemporary, accepted Childhood, the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young author's See also:

• MAIDEN, or MAID

maiden effort . In accordance with the See also:

• COMMON

common practice, he received nothing for the See also:

• MSS

MSS . Publication of a first attempt was considered ample See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment in those days . Tolstoy was now twenty-four years of age . Child-See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood was followed by The Landlord's Morning, Boyhood and Youth, in See also:

• QUICK

quick succession . His early aspirations were revived in these pages, which reflect the doctrines of Rousseau . " You neither know what happiness is nor what life is," he writes to expostulating See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends .

" Once taste life in all its natural beauty, happiness will consist in being with Nature, seeing her, communing with her." His See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy notwithstanding, Tolstoy See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt a pardonable See also:

• DESIRE

desire for promotion, which was slow in coming to him . Some verses ascribed to him (an authorship never denied) making fun of the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general during the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of Sebastopol, which appeared in See also:

• PRINT

print, may possibly have had something to See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer for . Be that as it may, the spirit of unrest and dissatisfaction was moving Tolstoy to return home, when rumours of hostilities arose, and the See also:

• CRIMEAN

Crimean See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War burst into See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame . He promptly volunteered for active service, and asked to be allowed to join the army on the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube, under the command of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince Gortchakov . In the early part of 1854 we find him encamped before the walls of See also:

• SILISTRIA (Bulgarian Silistra)

Silistria, a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• BULGARIA
• BULGARIA, EASTERN

Bulgaria, which Gortchakov had invested . At the very height of the See also:

• BOMBARDMENT

bombardment, however, See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian intervention prevailed, and the See also:

• CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)

Crimea. siege was raised . The din of See also:

• BATTLE

battle was hushed and revelry took its See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . At the See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball which promptly celebrated the event Tolstoy felt ill at ease . The joyous See also:

• MUSIC

music and See also:

• BABEL

babel of See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues jarred on his sensitive See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear, fresh from the moans of the wounded and dying . He went up to the prince and asked leave to start for Sebastopol . Permission being granted, he hastened from the ballroom, and left Silistria without delay . He now exchanged the offensive for the defensive .

Shot and I See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell fell like hailstones on the bastions of Sebastopol . Courage, fortitude, presence of mind were at every moment demanded, while See also:

• ASSAULT (from Lat. ad, to or on, and saltare, to leap)

assault followed assault, until at last the overwhelming strength of the See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies compelled the Russians to See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat . Through-out that trying time Tolstoy cheered his companions, whiling away many a weary See also:

• HOUR

hour with jest and See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story . Amid this " wrackful siege of battering days " he wrote those Tales from Sebastopol which earned him instant See also:

• LITERARY

literary celebrity, and caused the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Nicholas to issue See also:

• SPECIAL

special orders that he should be removed from a See also:

• POST

post of danger . An See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official despatch recounting the events of the siege was next written by Tolstoy at the command of his See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior officer, and with the charge of this document he was shortly afterwards sent to St Petersburg . He was never again on the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of battle . Tolstoy returned home with new impressions . Sad at heart and sick of the horrors of war, he came back with a feeling of brotherly love for the common soldiers, whom he at St had seen day by day doing quiet deeds of courage Petersburg . and devotion, fighting for their country without hope of See also:

• REWARD

reward, without fear of death . He contrasted them with the more self-seeking nobles, and felt their superiority . The stirring scenes through which he had passed, the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple faith of his men, all had helped to renew his belief in See also:

• GOD

God . Preceded by the fame of his descriptions of Sebastopol and the Caucasus, he arrived in St Petersburg to find himself the object of a general See also:

• OVATION (Lat. ovatio)

ovation .

The Sovremennik (Contemporary), in which Tolstoy's first work, Childhood, had appeared, numbered among its contributors the foremost writers of the day . To be admitted to their ranks was considered by them an See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to the See also:

• AWARD (from O. Fr. ewart, or esguart, cf. " reward ")

award of a fauteuil in the French See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy . They welcomed Tolstoy with open arms, the See also:

• VETERAN

veteran novelist, Turgeniev, in particular hastening to greet him on his arrival, and begging him to make his house his home . Society was equally eager to open its doors to the young soldier-author . His vivid and dramatic pictures of the war had been widely read and had created a profound sensation .. The great official world of St Petersburg proceeded to offer him a brilliant See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of entertainments in which he found himself the central figure . It is not surprising that this combined adulation from literary men and society overcame for a time the growing See also:

• ASCETICISM

asceticism of his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . Yet it also in a measure hastened its development . Even while See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne swiftly on the current of pleasure, his strenuous nature gradually reasserted itself . In the pages of My See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

Confession Tolstoy describes the phases of this See also:

• MENTAL

mental unrest . The narrowness of a literary clique soon became irk-some to his dominant character . His passionate desire for truth brought him into frequent conflict with those who paid more regard to See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention .

With Turgeniev especially he found himself constantly at variance . A friendship between natures so diametrically opposite, between two men who might be described as leaders respectively of the old and the new school of thought, could not See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long subsist . Mutual admiration does not imply sympathy . Turgeniev presently wrote to a friend, " I regret I cannot draw nearer to Tolstoy, our views are so opposed, the one to the other." And these See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion gradually led to a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete estrangement . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, in Fet, the poet, he found a lifelong friend . Others of his intimates were Nekrassov, the editor of the Contemporary, already mentioned; See also:

• KATKOV, MICHAEL NIKIFOROVICH (ISI8-1887)

Katkov, the celebrated journalist; Droushinine, Grigorovitch, Fet, and Ostrovski, the dramatist . While Tolstoy was thus waking to a sense of distaste for his environment, a great event was pending . With the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession Russian of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander II. in 1855 a See also:

• WAVE

wave of progressive policy Popular —set in See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion by the tsar himself—stirred the See also:

• MOVEMENT

Movement, bureaucratic circles of Russia, and while fiercely resisted by some of the See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility, met generally with cordial encouragement . The emancipation of the serfs became the burning question . " The People ! " and " Progress ! " were the cries quickly caught up by the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press of Russia and of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany also .

It was in Germany, indeed, that the novel of humble life sprang into being, Gotthelf leading the way with histales, Uli the Serf and Uli the See also:

• TENANT (from Lat. tenere, to hold)

Tenant . See also:

• AUERBACH, BERTHOLD (1812-1882)

Auerbach followed with his See also:

• VILLAGE

village stories, which opened a new world of thought; See also:

• STIFTER, ADALBERT (1805-1868)

Stifter and a See also:

• HOST

host of others brought up the See also:

• REAR

rear . This new impulse in literature soon spread to Russia . Turgeniev in his Sportsman's Tales, Grigorovitch in The Village and Anton Goremika, showed their sympathy with the moujik . But above all others, Tolstoy was most deeply and lastingly affected . Awakened by this See also:

• ECHO (Gr. I'Xw)

echo from without of his own inmost yearnings, he^ realized at last the true bent of his mind . " The People " became his watchword . One increasing purpose henceforth ruled his life, and gradually brought into See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony the inequalities and contradictions of his character . Roused from the inertia which had been caused by nerves and hypochondria, he wrote Polikoushka, a painful story dealing with the ills of See also:

• SERFDOM (from Fr. serf, Lat. servus, a servant or slave)

serfdom . His active See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain then turned to considering the meaning and See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope of the catchword " Progress," and fully to do this he determined to go abroad and study the educational and municipal systems of other countries . He finally started for Germany in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1857 . Tolstoy only three times crossed the Russian frontier, and these journeys were all between 1857 and 1861 .

On his first trip, Germany and See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy were hurriedly visited, He . See also:

• FOREIGN

Foreign also made a short stay in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, which had attrac- Travel. tions for him in the society of several Russian friends, among whom were Nekrassov and Turgeniev . With the latter he had not yet come to open rupture . From Paris he went to See also:

• LUCERNE
• LUCERNE (Ger. Luzern; Ital. Lucerne)
• LUCERNE, LAKE OF
• LUCERNE, PURPLE MEDICK

Lucerne . An incident which occurred there, and is reproduced in his semi-autobiographical Lucerne, shows the workings of his spirit . He tells how a wandering musician stood one day in the hotel courtyard, and after his performance asked in vain for See also:

• ALMS

alms from the convivial See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd assembled . Tolstoy, in the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of the See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero, then indignantly came to the See also:

• RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)

rescue, brought the poor See also:

• MINSTREL

minstrel into the hotel, and, moved to wrath with the churlish waiters who were unwilling to serve him, ordered a private See also:

• ROOM

room where he himself supplied his See also:

• GUEST (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Gast, and Swed. gust; cognate with Lat. hostis, originally a stranger, hence enemy; cf. " host " )
• GUEST, EDWIN (1800–188o)

guest's wants, and sent him away happy with a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double lining to his pockets . Of his successive journeys westwards, the third alone was of long duration and of corresponding importance in its results . Prior to this last visit to foreign parts, his time was spent between Yasnaya Polyana and Moscow, often in the company of his friend Fet . On a See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear-See also:

• HUNT, ALFRED WILLIAM (183o-1896)
• HUNT, HENRY (1i73-1835)
• HUNT, HENRY JACKSON (1819-1889)
• HUNT, JAMES HENRY LEIGH (1784-1859)
• HUNT, ROBERT (1807-1887)
• HUNT, THOMAS STERRY (1826-1892)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HENRY (1790—1864)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN (1827-1910)
• HUNT, WILLIAM MORRIS (1824-1879)

hunt together, Tolstoy narrowly escaped death, an incident which he graphically describes in his See also:

• FOURTH

Fourth Reading-See also:

• BOOK

book for Children (loth ed., 1900, &c.) . Fet also mentions it in his Reminiscences . His departure was finally hastened by the serious illness of his brother Nicholas, who had gone to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France to recruit his failing health .

Tolstoy, after halting in See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin and See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden, joined him, but only to endure the grief of witnessing his end . Nicholas died on the zoth of September 186o, and Tolstoy's letters of that See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period show how deeply he was affected by the death of his brother . It gave a yet more serious turn to his thoughts . In a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to Fet he reverts to his old trouble, the enigma of life . " In truth," he writes, " the position in which we stand is terrible." This mental gloom probably still hung over him during his wanderings through Italy . There is no See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of his impressions of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence . Turning his footsteps northwards, however, he began to take renewed interest in social conditions, elementary and monastic education, and the general subject of his quest . From Paris (where his friend spoke of him as " singular indeed, but subdued and kindly ") he went to See also:

• LONDON

London in 1861, no noteworthy incident marking his brief visit . The spring of 1861 found him once more at Yasnaya Polyana, where some little time before he had forestalled the Emancipation See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act by freeing all the serfs on that See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate . He Educational now began digesting the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information he See also:

• EXPERT (Lat. expertus, from experiri, to try)

Expert- had acquired abroad, eager to put his ideas into menu. practice . The feelings with which he reviewed his experiences were largely those of disappointment . Of the educational systems of Italy, France and Germany, that of the last-named country alone earned his partial approval .

While there he visited the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities, prisons and working-men's clubs . He made the acquaintance of Auerbach, and was greatly influenced by his ideas on village See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools . He was also much impressed by the novel institution of the See also:

• KINDERGARTEN

kindergarten, to which Frobel, the great educationist, was devoting all his energies . Determined to follow these lines, he sought and obtained per-See also:

• MISSION

mission to open a school . In his zeal he also started an educational See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal called Yasnaya Polyana . This journal now only exists as a literary curiosity, but the essays published in it have all been reprinted in his collected works . The time for opening the school was well chosen . The liberal See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits of Russia had gained the day and won a great victory . Just two months previously the See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of emancipation (See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1861) had been sent forth . The See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air was rife with schemes for the See also:

• BETTERMENT (i.e. " making better," as opposed to " worsement ")

betterment of the peasantry . A new era seemed to have begun . Tolstoy's school was essentially " See also:

• FREE

free." " Everything that savours of compulsion is harmful," he said, " and proves either that the method is indifferent or the teaching See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad." So that not only were no fees paid, but the children came and went as they pleased, learned what they pleased, and were subjected to no sort of See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment .

It was the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of the teacher to See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix the pupils' attention, and his the blame if they failed to learn . " The student," said Tolstoy " must have the right to refuse those forms of education which do not satisfy his instincts . Freedom is the only criterion . We of the older See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation do not and cannot know what is necessary for the younger." On these principles the Yasnaya Polyana school was started in a house near that of Tolstoy . He himself taught See also:

• DRAWING

drawing, singing and See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible history . The Old Testament was his handbook; he held it as indispensable in any course of instruction, a See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model for all books . Doubts and fears sometimes assailed him, still for a year all went well . Other schools were opened on the same lines in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district, and success seemed assured . But the eyes of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government inspectors had long been suspiciously fixed on them, and a See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence on the subject presently ensued between the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of education and the home See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department . The See also:

• VERDICT (O. Fr. verdit, Lat. vere dictum, truly said, used in Late Latin in one word with its present significance)

verdict passed by the former was free from overt animus . " The activity of Count Tolstoy deserves respect and should win co-operation from the educational department, although it cannot agree with all his ideas; ideas which he will in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability abandon on due See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration " (See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1862) . Yet there was a subtle See also:

• THREAT

threat conveyed in these last words which was probably not without effect .

Signs of discouragement grew visible . We find the enthusiast complaining that his masters See also:

• DESERT

desert him, his pupils fall away . The See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague of inquisitive visitors annoys him . At the end of the second year the schools were closed, the journal discontinued, and Tolstoy, disheartened and sick, " more," as he writes, " in mind than See also:

• BODY

body," betook himself to the healthful quiet of the See also:

• STEPPES

steppes, to breathe fresh air, to drink See also:

• KOUMISS

koumiss and to vegetate . This was the end of his educational experiment, the aim of which was rather to develop the character than to educate in the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary sense of the See also:

• TERM

term . When later he asked leave from the authorities to reopen the schools, it was peremptorily refused . His socialistic theories were now fully unfolded . In his view the people were everything, the higher classes nothing . The latter had misinterpreted the meaning of " progress," imagining it to be synonymous with education; and hence compulsory teaching had been resorted to, with harmful results . Reading and See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing played but a small part in forming a man's mind and fitting him for life . They merely rendered him more articulate . These questions should be left to the people themselves .

Their demands were very clearly expressed . They knew what they wanted, and were thoroughly convinced that " in the great question of their spiritual development they would neither take a wrong step nor accept that which was false." Such was in substance Tolstoy's See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine . " The people," he affirms, " are stronger, more See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent, more just, more human, and, above all, more necessary than the upper class . It is not they who should come to our schools; we should learn of them." This desire to subvert society is akin to the philosophy of Rousseau, as expressed in Emile (livre iv.) : " C'est le peuple qui compose le genre humain; ce qui n'est pas peuple est si peu de See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose, que ce n'est pas la See also:

• PEINE

peine de le compter . L'homme est le meme dans tous See also:

• LES

les (tats; si cela est, les (tats les plus nombreux meritent le plus de respect . Devant celui quipense, toutes les distinctions civiles disparaissent: it voit les memes passions, les menses sentiments dans le goujat et sans I'homme illustre; it n'y discerne que leur langage, qu'un coloris plus ou moins apprete .... Etudiez les gens de cet ordre, See also:

• VOUS

vous verrez que, sous un autre langage, ils ont autant d'esprit et plus de bon See also:

• SENS

sens que vous . Respectez done votre espece; songez qu'elle est composee essentiellement de la collection See also:

• DES

des peuples; que quand tous les rois et tous les philosophes en seraient otes, it n'y paraitrait gunre, et que les choses n'en iraient pas plus mal." While Tolstoy's the