See also:

• THEOBALD, (d. 1161)
• THEOBALD, LEWIS (1688-1744)

THEOBALD See also:

• WOLFE, CHARLES (1791-1823)
• WOLFE, JAMES (1727-1759)

WOLFE See also:

• THEOBALD WOLFE TONE (1763-1798)

TONE (1763-1798)  , Irish See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel, the son of See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

Tone, a See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin coachmaker, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in Dublin on the loth of See also:

• JUNE

June 1763 . His grandfather was a small See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer in See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county See also:

• KILDARE

Kildare, and his See also:

• MOTHER

mother was the daughter of a See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain in the See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant service . Though entered as a student at Trinity See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, Dublin, Tone gave little See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to study, his inclination being for a military career; but after eloping with See also:

• MATILDA (1046-1115)
• MATILDA (1102-1164)

Matilda Witherington, a girl of sixteen, he took his degree in 1786, and read See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law in See also:

• LONDON

London at the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple and after-wards in Dublin, being called to the Irish See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar in 1789 . Though idle, Tone had considerable ability . Chagrined at finding no See also:

• NOTICE

notice taken of a See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme for See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding a military See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Seas which he had submitted to See also:

• PITT, THOMAS (1653-1726)
• PITT, WILLIAM (1759-1806)

Pitt, he turned to Irish politics . An able pamphlet attacking the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of the See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

marquess of See also:

• BUCKINGHAM
• BUCKINGHAM, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• BUCKINGHAM, FIRST DUKE
• BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 1ST DUKE 0E1
• BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 2ND DUKE 0E1 (1628-1687)
• BUCKINGHAM, HENRY STAFFORD, 2ND DUKE OF3 (1454-1483)
• BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK (1786-1855)

Buckingham in 1790 brought him to the notice of the Whig See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club; and in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1791 he wrote a remarkable See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay over the See also:

• SIGNATURE (through Fr. from Lat. signature, signare, to sign, signum, mark, token, sign)

signature " A See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern Whig," of which 1o,000 copies are said to have been sold . The principles of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Revolution were at this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time being eagerly em-braced in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, especially among the Presbyterians of See also:

• ULSTER
• ULSTER, EARLS OF

Ulster, and two months before the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of Tone's essay a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting had been held in See also:

• BELFAST

Belfast, where republican toasts had been drunk with See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm, and a See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution in favour of the abolition of religious disqualifications had given the first sign of See also:

• POLITICAL

political sympathy between the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics and the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant dissenters of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north . The essay of " A Northern Whig " emphasized the growing See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach between the Whig patriots like See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

Flood and See also:

• GRATTAN, HENRY (1746-1820)

Grattan, who aimed at See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic emancipation and See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary reform without disloyalty to the connexion with See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, and the men who desired to establish a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate Irish See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic . Tone expressed in his pamphlet unqualified contempt for the constitution which Grattan had so triumphantly extorted from the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government in 1782; and, himself a Protestant, he urged co-operation between the different religious sects in Ireland as the only means of obtaining See also:

• COMPLETE

complete redress of Irish grievances . In See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1791 Tone converted these ideas into See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical policy by founding, in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• RUSSELL (FAMILY)
• RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852- )
• RUSSELL, JOHN (1745-1806)
• RUSSELL, JOHN (d. 1494)
• RUSSELL, JOHN RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (1792-1878)
• RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT (1808–1882)
• RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM (1639–1683)
• RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD
• RUSSELL, THOMAS (1762-1788)
• RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844– )

Russell (1767-1803), Napper See also:

• TANDY, JAMES NAPPER (174o—18o3)

Tandy (q.v.) and others, the society of the " See also:

• UNITED

United Irishmen." The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original purpose of this society was no more than the formation of a political See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union between Roman Catholics and Protestants, with a view to obtaining a liberal measure of parliamentary reform; it was only when that See also:

• OBJECT

object appeared to be unattainable by constitutional methods that the majorityof the members adopted the more uncompromising opinions which See also:

• WOLFE, CHARLES (1791-1823)
• WOLFE, JAMES (1727-1759)

Wolfe Tone held from the first, and conspired to establish an Irish republic by armed See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion . Tone himself admitted that with him hatred of England had always been " rather an See also:

• INSTINCT

instinct than a principle," though until his views should become more generally accepted in Ireland he was prepared to See also:

• WORK

work for reform as distinguished from revolution . But he desired to See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root out the popular respect for the names of See also:

• CHARLEMONT, JAMES CAULFEILD, 1ST EARL

Charlemont and Grattan, and to See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer to more violent leaders the conduct of the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement .

Grattan was a reformer and a patriot without a See also:

• TINCTURE (Fr. teinture, Lat. tinctura, tingere, to dye, stain)

tincture of democratic ideas; Wolfe Tone was a revolutionary whose principles were See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from the French See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention . Grattan's political See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy was allied to that of See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund See also:

• BURKE
• BURKE, ROBERT
• BURKE, SIR JOHN BERNARD (1814–1892)
• BURKE, WILLIAM (1792–1829)

Burke; Tone was a See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple of See also:

• DANTON, GEORGE JACQUES (1759-1794)

Danton and Thomas See also:

• PAINE, ROBERT TREAT (1731–1814)
• PAINE, THOMAS (1737–1809)

Paine . Democratic principles were gaining ground among the Roman Catholics as well as the Presbyterians . A See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel between the moderate and the more advanced sections of the Roman Catholic See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee led, in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1791, to the See also:

• SECESSION

secession of sixty-eight of the former, led by See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Kenmare; and the direction of the committee then passed to more violent leaders, of whom the most prominent was See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Keogh, a Dublin tradesman . The active participation of the Roman Catholics in the movement of the United Irishmen was strengthened by the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of Tone as paid secretary of the Roman Catholic Committee in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1792 . When the legality of the Roman Catholic Convention in 1792 was called in question by the government, Tone See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up for the committee a statement of the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case on which a favourable See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of counsel was obtained; and a sum of 1500 with a See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal was voted to Tone by the Convention when it dissolved itself in See also:

• APRIL

April 1793 . Burke and Grattan were anxious that See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision should be made for the See also:

• EDUCATION

education of Irish Roman Catholic priests at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, to preserve them from the contagion of Jacobinism in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France; Wolfe Tone, "with an incomparably juster forecast," as See also:

• LECKY, WILLIAM EDWARD HARTPOLE (1838–1903)

Lecky observes, " advocated the same measure for exactly opposite reasons." He rejoiced that the breaking up of the French See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools by the revolution had rendered necessary the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of See also:

• MAYNOOTH

Maynooth College, which he foresaw would draw the sympathies of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy into more democratic channels . In 1794 the United Irishmen, persuaded that their scheme of universal See also:

• SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage and equal electoral districts was not likely to be accepted by any party in the Irish See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, began to found their hopes on a French invasion . An English clergyman named See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• JACKSON
• JACKSON, ANDREW (1767-1845)
• JACKSON, CYRIL (1746-1819)
• JACKSON, FREDERICK GEORGE (186o– )
• JACKSON, HELEN MARIA (1831–1885)
• JACKSON, MASON (c. 1820-1903)
• JACKSON, THOMAS (1579-1640)
• JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN (1824-1863)
• JACKSON, WILLIAM (1730-1803)

Jackson, a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of infamous notoriety who had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long lived in France, where he had imbibed revolutionary opinions, came to Ireland to nogotiate between the French committee of public safety and the United Irishmen . For this emissary Tone drew up a memorandum on the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of Ireland, which he described as ripe for revolution; the See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper was betrayed to the government by an See also:

• ATTORNEY (from O. Fr. atorne, a person appointed to act for another, from atourner, legal Lat. attornare, attorn, literally to turn over to another or commit business to another)

attorney named Cockayne to whom Jackson had imprudently disclosed his See also:

• MISSION

mission; and in April 1794 Jackson was arrested on a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason . Several of the leading United Irishmen, including See also:

• REYNOLDS, JOHN FULTON (182o-1863)
• REYNOLDS, SIR JOSHUA (1723-1792)
• REYNOLDS, WALTER (d. 1327)

Reynolds and See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton Rowan, immediately fled the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country; the papers of the United Irishmen were seized; and for a time the organization was broken up . Tone, who had not attended meetings of the society since May 1793, remained in Ireland till after the trial and See also:

• SUICIDE (from Lat. sui, of oneself, and cidium, from cued ere, to kill)

suicide of Jackson in April 1795 .

Having See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends among the government party, including members of the See also:

• BERESFORD, JOHN (1738-1805)
• BERESFORD, LORD CHARLES WILLIAM DE LA POER (1846- )
• BERESFORD, WILLIAM CARR BERESFORD, VISCOUNT (1768–1854)

Beresford See also:

• FAMILY

family, he was enabled to make terms with the government, and in return for See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information as to-what had passed between Jackson, Rowan and himself he was permitted to emigrate to See also:

• AMERICA

America, where he arrived in May 1795 . Taking up his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence at See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia, he wrote a few months later to Thomas Russell expressing unqualified dislike of the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• PEOPLE

people, whom he was disappointed to find no more truly democratic in sentiment and no less attached to See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order and authority than the English; he described See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington as a " high-flying aristocrat," and he found the See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy of See also:

• MONEY

money in America still less to his liking than the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European aristocracy of See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth . Tone did not feel himself See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour by his compact with the government at home to abstain from further See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy; and finding himself at Philadelphia in the congenial See also:

• COMPANY

company of Reynolds, Rowan and Napper Tandy, he undertook a mission to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris to persuade the French government to send an expedition to invade Ireland . In See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1796 he arrived in Paris and had interviews with De La Croix and L . N . M . See also:

• CARNOT, LAZARE EIPPOLYTE (18ot-1888)
• CARNOT, MARIE FRANCOIS SADI (1837-1894)
• CARNOT, SADI NICOLAS LEONHARD (1796-1832)

Carnot, who were greatly impressed by his See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy, sincerity and ability . A See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission was given him as See also:

• ADJUTANT (from Lat. adjutare, to aid)

adjutant-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general in the French See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, which he hoped might protect him from the See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty of treason in the event of See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture by the English; though he himself claimed the authorship of a See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation said to have been issued by the United Irishmen, enjoining that all Irishmen taken with arms in their hands in the See also:

• BRITISH

British service should be instantly shot; and he supported a project for landing a thousand criminals in England, who were to be commissioned to See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol and commit any other atrocity in their See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . He drew up two memorials representing that the landing of a considerable French force in Ireland would be followed by a general rising of the people, and giving a detailed See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the country . The French See also:

• DIRECTORY

directory, which possessed information from Lord See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• FITZGERALD
• FITZGERALD, EDWARD (1809–1883)
• FITZGERALD, LORD E
• FITZGERALD, LORD EDWARD (1763-1798)
• FITZGERALD, LORD THOMAS (loth earl of Kildare), (1513-1537)
• FITZGERALD, RAYMOND, or REDMOND (d. ca. 1182)

Fitzgerald (q.v.) and See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur O'See also:

• CONNOR (or O'CONNOR), BERNARD (1666-1698)

Connor confirming Tone, prepared to despatch an expedition under See also:

• HOCHE, LAZARE (1768-1797)

Hoche . On the 15th of December 1796 the expedition, consisting of See also:

• FORTY

forty-three See also:

• SAIL

sail and carrying about 15,000 men with a large See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war material for See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution in Ireland, sailed from See also:

• BREST

Brest . Tone, who accompanied it as " Adjutant-general See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith," had the greatest contempt for the See also:

• SEAMANSHIP

seamanship of the French sailors, which was amply justified by the disastrous result of the invasion .

Returning to France without having effected anything, Tone served for some months in the French army under Hoche; and in June 1797 he took See also:

• PART

part in preparations for a Dutch expedition to Ireland, which was to be sup-ported by the French . But the Dutch See also:

• FLEET

fleet was detained in the Texel for many See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks by unfavourable See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather, and before it eventually put to See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea in October, only to be crushed by See also:

• DUNCAN
• DUNCAN, ADAM DUNCAN, 1ST VISCOUNT (1731-1804)
• DUNCAN, PETER MARTIN (1824-1891)
• DUNCAN, THOMAS (1807—1845)

Duncan in the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Camperdown, Tone had returned to Paris; and Hoche, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of the United Irishmen, was dead . See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte, with whom Tone had several interviews about this time, was much less disposed than Hoche had been to undertake in See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest an Irish expedition; and when the rebellion See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out in Ireland in 1798 he had started for See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt . When, therefore, Tone urged the directory to send effective assistance to the Irish rebels, all that could be promised was a number of small raids to descend simultaneously on different points of the Irish See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . One of these under See also:

• HUMBERT, RANIERI CARLO EMANUELE GIOVANNI MARIA FERDINANDO EUGENIO, KING OF ITALY (1844-1900)

Humbert succeeded in landing a force in See also:

• KILLALA (pron. Killklla)

Killala See also:

• BAY

Bay, and gained some success in See also:

• CONNAUGHT
• CONNAUGHT, ARTHUR WILLIAM PATRICK ALBERT, DUKE OF (1850– )

Connaught before it was subdued by See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake and See also:

• CORNWALLIS, CHARLES CORNWALLIS
• CORNWALLIS, SIR WILLIAM (1744-1819)

Cornwallis, Wolfe Tone's See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew being captured, tried by See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court-See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial, and hanged; a second, accompanied by Napper Tandy (q.v.), came to disaster on the coast of See also:

• DONEGAL

Donegal; while Wolfe Tone took part in a third, under See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral Bompard, with General See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

Hardy in command of a force of about 3000 men, which encountered an English See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron near Lough Swilly on the 12th of October 1798 . Tone, who was on See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board the " Hoche," refused Bompard's offer of See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape in a See also:

• FRIGATE

frigate before the See also:

• ACTION

action, and was taken prisoner when the Hoche " was forced to surrender . When the prisoners were landed a fortnight later See also:

• SIR

Sir George See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill recognized Tone in the French adjutant-general's See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform . At his trial by court-martial in Dublin, Tone made a manly straightforward speech, avowing his determined hostility to England and his See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design " by See also:

• FAIR

fair and open war to procure the separation of the two countries," and See also:

• PLEADING (Fr. plaider, plaidoyer)

pleading in virtue of his status as a French officer to See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die by the See also:

• MUSKET (Fr. mousquet, Ger. Muskete, &c.)

musket instead of the rope . He was, however, sentenced to be hanged on the 12th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November; but on the 11th he cut his See also:

• THROAT (O. Eng. protu, prote or }Prota, possibly from preotan, to press, whence threat, or, with loss of initial s, connected with strut, to swell)

throat with a penknife, and on the 19th of November 1798 he died of the See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound . Although Wolfe Tone had none of the attributes of greatness, " he rises," says Lecky, "far above the dreary level of See also:

• COMMON

common-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place which Irish conspiracy in general presents . The See also:

• TAWDRY

tawdry and exaggerated See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric; the See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty vanity and jealousies; the weak sentimentalism; the utter incapacity for proportioning means to ends, and for grasping the stern realities of things,which so commonly disfigure the lives and conduct even of the more honest members of his class, were wholly See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien to his nature . His See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment of men and things was keen, lucid and masculine, and he was alike prompt in decision and brave in action." In his later years he overcame the See also:

• DRUNKENNESS

drunkenness that was habitual to him in youth; he See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed seriousness of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and unselfish devotion to what he believed was the cause of patriotism; and he won the respect of men of high character and capacity in France and See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland .

His See also:

• JOURNALS

journals, which were written for his family and intimate friends, give a singularly interesting and vivid picture of See also:

• LIFE

life in Paris in the time of the directory . They were published after his See also:

• DEATH

death by his son, William See also:

• THEOBALD, (d. 1161)
• THEOBALD, LEWIS (1688-1744)

Theobald Wolfe Tone (1791-1828), who was educated by the French government and served with some distinction in the armies of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, emigrating after See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo to America, where he died, in New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City, on the loth of October 1828 . See Life of Theobald Wolfe Tone by himself, continued by his son, with his political writings, edited by W . T . Wolfe Tone (2 vols., Washington, 1826), anothef edition of which is entitled Auto-See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography of Theobald Wolfe Tone, edited with introduction by R . See also:

• BARRY
• BARRY, ELIZABETH (1658—1713)
• BARRY, JAMES (1741—1806)
• BARRY, SIR CHARLES (1795-1860)
• BARRY, SIR REDMOND (1813-188o)
• BARRY, SPRANGER (1719-1777)

Barry O'Brien (2 vols., London, 1893); R . R . See also:

• MADDEN, SIR FREDERIC (1801-1873)

Madden, Lives of the United Irishmen (7 vols., London, 1842); See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred See also:

• WEBB, MATTHEW (1848-1883)
• WEBB, SIDNEY (1859– )

Webb, Compendium of Irish Biography (Dublin, 1878) ; W . E . H . Lecky, See also:

• HISTORY

History of Ireland in the Eighteenth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

Century, vols. iii., iv., v . (See also:

• CABINET

cabinet ed., 5 vols., London, 1892) .

(R . J .