See also:

• TONGA, or FRIENDLY ISLANDS (so called by Captain Cook)

TONGA, or FRIENDLY ISLANDS (so called by See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

Cook)  , an See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

archipelago in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Pacific Ocean, about 350 M . S.S.W. of See also:

• SAMOA

Samoa and 250 M . E.S.E. of See also:

• FIJI
• FIJI (Viii)

Fiji . The See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of islands, numbering about 150, though with a collective See also:

• LAND

land See also:

• AREA

area of only 385 sq. m., extends from 18° 5' to 22° 29' S. and 174° to 176° 1o' W., and is broken into three See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, viz. the See also:

• TONGA, or FRIENDLY ISLANDS (so called by Captain Cook)

Tonga to the south, Hapai (which again is divided into three clusters) in the centre and Vavau to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north . The largest See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island is Tongatabu (the Sacred Tonga, See also:

• TASMAN, ABEL JANSZOON (c. 1603-1659)

Tasman's See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam) in the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• GROUP

group, measuring about 25 by 10 m., and 165 sq. m. in area, which contains the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, Nukualofa . The vegetation is See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich and beautiful, but the scenery tame, the land seldom rising above 6o ft.; Eua (Tasman's See also:

• MIDDELBURG

Middelburg), 9 m. south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and 67 sq. m. in area, is 1078 ft. in extreme height, and much more picturesque, being diversified by rocks and See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods . Vavau, in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern group, is 55 sq. m. in extent and 300 ft. high . Next to these come the See also:

• CORAL

coral islands Nomuka and Lifuka in the Hapai group; Tofua, 2846 ft., See also:

• LATE

Late or Lette, 1800 ft. and Kao . 3020 ft. high, which are volcanic and smaller . The numerous islets of the central group are very fertile . It is along the western See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the northern See also:

• HALF

half of the chain that the See also:

• LINE

line of volcanic See also:

• ACTION

action is apparent; the islands here (of which some are active volcanoes) are lofty . To the east the whole chain is bounded by a profound trough in the ocean See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed, which extends south-westward, east of the See also:

• KERMADEC

Kermadec Islands, towards New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand .

The See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the Tonga Islands, however, are level, averaging 40 ft. high, with hills rising to 600 ft.; their sides are generally steep . The See also:

• SURFACE

surface is covered with a rich See also:

• MOULD

mould unusual in coral islands, mixed towards the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea with See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, and having a substratum of red or See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay . The See also:

• SOIL

soil is thus very productive, although See also:

• WATER

water is scarce and See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad . Barrier reefs are rare; fringing reefs are numerous, except on the east side, which is nearly See also:

• FREE

free, and there are many small isolated reefs and volcanic See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks among the islands . If the reefs impede See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation they See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form some See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good harbours . The best is on the south-western side of Vavau; another is on the north of Tongatabu . Earthquakes are not infrequent . From 1845 to 1857 volcanic eruptions were very violent, and islands once fertile were devastated and nearly destroyed . A new island See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose from the sea, and was at once named " See also:

• WESLEY (FAMILY)
• WESLEY, JOHN (1703-1791)
• WESLEY, SAMUEL (1766-1837)
• WESLEY, SAMUEL SEBASTIAN (1810–1876)

Wesley," but disappeared again . In 1886 there was a serious volcanic eruption in the outlying island of Nivafoou, and at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time See also:

• FALCON
• FALCON (Lat. Falco;' Fr. Faucon; Teutonic, Falk or Valken)

Falcon See also:

• REEF (1)

Reef, normally awash at high water, discharged sufficient scoriae and See also:

• PUMICE (Lat. purnex, spumex, spuma, froth)

pumice to form a new island 50 ft. high . In 1898 the island had been washed away, but in 1900 H.M.S . " See also:

• PORPOISE (sometimes spelled Porpus and Porpesse)

Porpoise " found that a solid core of See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock had been extruded 6 ft. above high water .

All the volcanoes in the group were then quiescent . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The line of volcanic action extends along the western side of the northern half of the chain . Some of the islands are built of volcanic rocks alone; such are Hongu-tonga and Hongu-hapai, which appear to be fragments of a single See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CRATER

crater, Tonua, Kao, Late, Metis, Amargua and Falcon Island . The See also:

• LAVA

lava is a basic augiteandesite . Another group of islands consists of elevated masses of submarine volcanic deposits, upon some of which coral-reef See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone forms a more or less See also:

• COMPLETE

complete covering; such are Tonumeia and the Nomuka group (See also:

• MANGO

Mango, Tonua, Nomuka-See also:

• IKI

iki) . All the volcanic rocks of these islands are submarine stratified tuffs which are penetrated here and there by See also:

• ANDESITE

andesite or See also:

• DIABASE

diabase dikes . The Vavau group consists entirely of coral limestone, which is occasionally crystalline, and contains stalactitic caves of See also:

• GREAT

great beauty . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate, See also:

• FLORA

Flora, See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—The climate is healthy for Europeans, being dry and cool as compared with that of Samoa and Fiji . There are frequent alternations of temperature, which averages 75° to 77 F., though considerably higher in the wet See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season . Cool south-east See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade winds See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow, sometimes with great violence, from See also:

• APRIL

April to See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December . During the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the See also:

• YEAR

year the winds blow from See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west-north-west- and north, with See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain and occasional destructive hurricanes . A See also:

• CYCLONE (Gr. KVKAwv, whirling, from KbK)^os, a circle)

cyclone which devastated Vavau in April 1900 was the most destructive ever recorded in the group, but hurricanes are rare .

The See also:

• AVERAGE

average rainfall for the year is about 8o ins . The vegetation similar to that of Fiji, but more definitely Indo-Malayan in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character; it embraces all the See also:

• PLANTS

plants of the groups to the east with many that are absent there . Ferns abound, some of them See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar, and See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree ferns on the higher islands, and all the usual See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit trees and cultivated plants of the Pacific are found . There are several kinds of valuable See also:

• TIMBER

timber trees . The only indigenous land See also:

• MAMMALIA (from Lat. mamma, a teat or breast)

mammalia are a small See also:

• RAT (a word common to Teut. and Rom. languages; probably first adopted in Teut.; the ultimate origin is not known; Skeat suggests the root rad-, to scratch; cf. Ger. Ratte, Dan. rotte, Fr. rat, &c.)

rat and a few curious See also:

• SPECIES

species of bats . The See also:

• DOG

dog and the See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig were no doubt introduced by See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . Of birds some 30 kinds are known, an See also:

• OWL (O. Eng. Ule, Swed. Uggla, Ger. Eule—all allied to Lat. Ulula, and evidently of imitative origin)

owl being the only See also:

• BIRD

bird of See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey; parrots, pigeons, kingfishers, See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey-suckers, rails, ducks, and other water birds are numerous . There are See also:

• SNAKES

snakes and small lizards, but no frogs or toads . Of See also:

• INSECTS

insects there are relatively few kinds; but ants, beetles and mosquitoes abound . The fishes, of an Indo-See also:

• MALAY

Malay type, are varied and numerous . Turtle and sea-snakes abound, as do See also:

• MOLLUSCA

mollusca, of which a few are peculiar, and zoophytes . Inhabitants.—The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of the archipelago is about 19,000, of whom about 370 are whites or half-castes .

The natives, a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Polynesian See also:

• RACE

race, are the most progressive and most intellectual in the Pacific Islands, except the Hawaiians . They have exercised an See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence over distant neighbours, especially in Fiji, quite out of proportion to their See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers . Their conquests have extended as far as See also:

• NIUE (SAVAGE ISLAND Or NIUE-FEKAI, as the natives call it)

Niue, or See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

Savage Island, 200 M. east, and to various other islands to the north . In See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

Cook's time Poulaho, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief, considered Samoa to be within his dominions . This pre-See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence may perhaps be due to an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early infusion of Fijian See also:

• BLOOD

blood: it has been observed that such crosses are always more vigorous than the pure races in these islands; and this influence seems also traceable in the Tongan See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect, and appears to have been partially transmitted thence to the Samoan . Various customs, traditions and names of places also point to a former relation with Fiji . Their See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion to See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity gave the Tongans material as well as moral advantages over their neighbours . See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

Crime is infrequent, and morality, always above the Polynesian average, has improved . The See also:

• PEOPLE

people have strict notions of See also:

• ETIQUETTE

etiquette and gradations of See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank . In disposition they are amiable and courteous, but arrogant, lively, inquisitive and inclined to steal—their attacks in earlier days on Europeans, when not caused by misunderstandings, being due probably to their coveting See also:

• PROPERTY

property which to them was of immense value . They are brave and not unenergetic, though the soft climate and the abundance of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food discourage See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . They value See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, and seldom practised See also:

• INFANTICIDE

infanticide, and See also:

• CANNIBALISM

cannibalism was rare .

Their See also:

• WOMEN

women are kindly treated, and only do the lighter See also:

• WORK

work . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture, which is well understood, is the chief industry . They are bold and skilful sailors and fishermen; other trades, as See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat and See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house See also:

• BUILDING

building, See also:

• CARVING

carving, cooking, See also:

• NET

net and See also:

• MAT (O. Eng. meatt, from late Lat. mattes, whence Ital. mallet, Ger. and Dan. matte, Du. mat, &c.)

mat making, are usually hereditary . Their houses are slightly built, but the surrounding ground and roads are laid out with great care and See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste . There were formerly (till the early 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century) two sovereigns; the higher of these, called Tui Tonga (chief of Tonga), was greatly reverenced but enjoyed little See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . The real ruler and the chief See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state were members of the Tubou See also:

• FAMILY

family, from which also the wife of the Tui Tonga was always chosen, whose descendants through the See also:

• FEMALE

female line had See also:

• SPECIAL

special honours and privileges, under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of tamaha, recalling the vasu of Fiji . The explanation of the dual kingship is probably this—the Tui Tonga were regarded as the See also:

• DIRECT

direct descendants of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the family from which the people sprang; regarded with reverence, and possessingunlimited power, they came to misuse this and discontent resulted, whereupon, to protect themselves, they appointed an executive See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy . Below these came the Eiki or chiefs, and next to them the class called Matabule . These were the hereditary counsellors and companions of the chiefs, and conveyed to the people the decisions formed at their assemblies . They also directed the See also:

• NATIONAL

national ceremonies, and preserved the popular traditions . While, under the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of Europeans, the Tongans have shown some aptitude for See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, they fail when See also:

• LEFT

left to themselves . They pick up superficial acquirements with astonishing ease, but seem to be incapable of mastering any subject .

They write shorthand, but speak no See also:

• ENGLISH

English; they have a smattering of higher See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics, yet are ignorant of See also:

• BOOK

book-keeping . Their See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, effective enough when dealing with natives, breaks down in all departments concerned with Europeans, and becomes the prey of designing traders . Their ambition is to rank as a civilized state, and the flattery lavished on them by their teachers has spoiled them . There are some ancient See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone remains in Tongatabu, See also:

• BURIAL

burial places (feitoka) built with great blocks, and a remarkable See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument consisting of two large upright blocks morticed to carry a transverse one, on which was formerly a circular See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of stone . Administration and Trade.—In May 1900 the group became a See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• PROTECTORATE

protectorate under the native See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag, the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of the See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul and See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent being transferred to the government of New Zealand . In 1904 the See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial and legal administration was put into the hands of the British High See also:

• COMMISSIONER

Commissioner for the Western Pacific . The native See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king is assisted by a legislative See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly consisting, in equal numbers, of hereditary nobles and popular (elected) representatives . The See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom of King See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Tubou in refusing to alienate an See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre of land, except upon lea3e, has resulted in Tonga having been the last native state in the Pacific to lose its See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence . There is a See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue of about £21,000 annually derived chiefly from a See also:

• POLL

poll-tax, leases and customs . The principal exports are See also:

• COPRA (a Spanish and Portuguese adaptation of the Malay kopperah, and Hindustani khopra, the coco-nut)

copra, bananas, oranges and fungus, and the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual values of exports and imports are £8o,000 and £70,000 respectively on an average, though both fluctuate considerably . British See also:

• COIN
• COIN (older forms of the word are coyne, quoin and coign, all derived through the O. Fr. coing, and cuigne from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

coin is legal See also:

• TENDER

tender (since 1905) . There are five churches in Tonga—the Free Wesleyans, embracing the great majority of the inhabitants, Wesleyans, See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics, and Seventh See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

Day See also:

• ADVENTISTS, SECOND

Adventists .

These last are few; a still smaller number of natives are nominally Anglicans . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—In 1616 the vessels of See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob Lemaire and Willem Cornelis Schouten reached the island of Nivatobutabu, and had a hostile encounter with the natives . In 1643 See also:

• ABEL (better ABELL), THOMAS (d. 1540)
• ABEL (Hebrew for breath)
• ABEL, KARL FRIEDRICH (1725-1787)
• ABEL, NIELS HENRIK (1802-1829)
• ABEL, SIR FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, BART

Abel Tasman arrived at Tongatabu and was more fortunate . The next visit was that of See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• WALLIS, JOHN (1616-1703)

Wallis in 1767, followed in 1773 by that of Captain Cook . In 1777 Cook returned, and stayed seven See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks among the islands . In 1799 a revolution, having its origin in See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy between two natives of high rank, See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out . See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war dragged on for many years—long after the deaths of the first leaders—but Taufaahau, who became king in 1845 under the name of George Tubou I., proved a strong ruler . In 1822 a Methodist missionary had arrived in the island, and others followed . The See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to introduce a new faith led to renewed strife, this time between converts and pagans, but King George (who fully appreciated the value of intercourse with foreigners) supported the missionaries, and by 1852 the rebels were subdued . The missionaries, finding their position secure, presently began to take action in See also:

• POLITICAL

political affairs, and persuaded the king to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant a constitution to the Tongans, who welcomed it with a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of childish See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm, but were far from fitted to receive it . A triennial See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, a See also:

• CABINET

cabinet, a privy See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, and an elaborate judicial See also:

• SYSTEM

system were established, and the cumbrous machinery was placed in the hands of a " See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister," a retired Wesleyan missionary, Mr See also:

• SHIRLEY (or SHERLEY), JAMES (1596-1666)
• SHIRLEY (or SHERLEY), SIR ANTHONY (1565-c. 1635)
• SHIRLEY, WILLIAM (1694-1771)

Shirley See also:

• BAKER, HENRY (1698-1774)
• BAKER, SIR BENJAMIN (1840-1907)
• BAKER, SIR RICHARD (1568-1644/5)
• BAKER, SIR SAMUEL WHITE (1821-1893)
• BAKER, THOMAS (1656-1740)
• BAKER, VALENTINE [BAKER PASHA] (1827-1887)

Baker . See also:

• TREATIES

Treaties of friendship were concluded with See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, and the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America .

Baker induced the king to break off his connexion with the Wesleyan See also:

• BODY

body in See also:

• SYDNEY

Sydney, and to set up a state See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . Persecution of members of the old church followed, and in 1890 the missionary-premier had to be removed from the group by the high commissioner . He afterwards returned to initiate a new See also:

• SECT

sect called the " Free Church of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England," which for a time created further divisions among the people . King George Tubou died in 1893 at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of ninety-six, and was succeeded by his great-See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson under the same title . Mr See also:

• BASIL (Russ. VASILY)

Basil See also:

• THOMSON, JAMES (1822-1892)
• THOMSON, JAMES (1834-1882)
• THOMSON, JAMES (r700-1748)
• THOMSON, JOHN (1778-184o)
• THOMSON, JOSEPH (1858-1895)
• THOMSON, SIR CHARLES WYVILLE (1830-1882)
• THOMSON, THOMAS (1773-1852)
• THOMSON, WILLIAM (1819-189o)

Thomson (who after Baker's See also:

• DEPORTATION

deportation had carried out reforms which the natives, when left alone, were incapable of maintaining) was sent in 1900 to conclude the treaty by which the king placed his See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom under British See also:

• PROTECTION

protection . See Captain Cook's Voyages and other early narratives; See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin, Mariner's See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the Tonga Islands (See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, 1827) ; Vason, Four Years in Tongatabu (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1815); A . Monfort, See also:

• LES

Les Tonga, ou Archipel See also:

• DES

des Amis (See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons, 1893) ; B . H . Thomson, The Diversions of a Prime Minister (London, 1894) .